CIBOL, noun A sort of small onion.

CICADA, noun The frog-hopper, or flea locust; a genus of insects of many species.

CICATRICE, noun A scar; a little seam or elevation of flesh remaining after a wound or ulcer is healed.

CICATRICLE, noun The germinating or fetal point in the embryo of a seed or the yolk of an egg; as, germinating cicatricle

CICATRISIVE, adjective Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix.

CICATRIX,

CICATRIZANT, noun A medicine or application that promotes the formation of a cicatrix such as Armenian bole, powder of tutty, etc. It is called also an escharotic, epulotic, incarnative, agglutinant, etc.

CICATRIZANT, n. A medicine or application that promotes the formation of a cicatrix, such as Armenian bole, powder of tutty, &c. It is called also an escharotic, epulotic, incarnative, agglutinant, &c.

CICATRIZATION, noun The process of healing or forming a cicatrix; or the state of being healed, cicatrized or skinned over.

CICATRIZE, verb transitive To heal, or induce the formation of a cicatrix, in wounded or ulcerated flesh; or to apply medicines for that purpose.

CICATRIZE, verb intransitive To heal or be healed; to skin over; as wounded flesh cicatrizes.

CICATRIZED, participle passive Healed, as wounded flesh; having a cicatrix formed.

CICATRIZING, participle present tense Healing; skinning over; forming a cicatrix.

CICELY, noun A plant, a species of Chaerophyllum. The sweet cicely is a species of Scandix.

CICERONE, noun A guide; one who explains curiosities.

CICERONIAN, adjective Resembling Cicero, either in style or action; in style, diffuse and flowing; in manner, vehement.

CICERONIANISM, noun Imitation or resemblance of the style or action of Cicero.

CICHORACEOUS, adjective Having the qualities of succory.

CICISBEISM, noun The practice of dangling about females.

CICISBEO, noun A dangler about females.

CICURATE, verb transitive To tame; to reclaim from wildness.

CICURATION, noun The act of taming wild animals.

CICUTA, noun Water-hemlock, a plant whose root is poisonous. This term was used by the ancients and by medical writers for the Conium maculatum, or common hemlock, the expressed juice of which was used as a common poison. Socrates and Phocion perished by it. It is now used medicinally in moderate doses, with good effect.

CIDER, noun The juice of apples expressed, a liquor used for drink. The word was formerly used to signify the juice of other fruits, and other kinds of strong liquor; but it is now appropriated to the juice of apples, before and after fermentation.

CIDERIST, noun A maker of cider.

CIDERKIN, noun The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out, and a quantity of boiled water is added; the whole steeping forty eight hours.

CIERGE, noun A candle carried in processions.

CIGAR, noun A small roll of tobacco, so formed as to be tubular, used for smoking. Cigars are of Spanish origin.

CILIARY, adjective Belonging to the eyelids.

CILIATED, adjective In botany, furnished or surrounded with parallel filaments, or bristles, resembling the hairs of the eye-lids, as a ciliated leaf, etc.

CILICIOUS, adjective Made or consisting of hair.

CIMA, [See Cyma.]

CIMBAL, noun A kind of cake.

CIMBRIC, adjective Pertaining to the Cimbri, the inhabitants of the modern Jutland, in Denmark, which was anciently called the cimbric Chesonese. Hence the modern names, Cymru, Wales, Cambria; Cymro, a Welshman; Cymreig, Welsh, or the Welsh language; names indicating the Welsh to be a colony of the Cimbri or from the same stock.

CIMBRIC, noun The language of the Cimbri.

CIMITER, noun A short sword with a convex edge or recurvated point, used by the Persians and Turks.

CIMMERIAN, adjective Pertaining to Cimmerium, a town at the mouth of the Palus Maeotis. The ancients pretended that this country was involved in darkness; whence the phrase cimmerian darkness, to denote a deep or continual obscurity. The country is now called Crimea, or Krim-Tartary.

CIMOLITE, noun A species of clay, used by the ancients, as a remedy for erysipelas and other inflammations. It is white, or a loose, soft texture, molders into a fine powder, and effervesces with acids. It is useful in taking spots from cloth. Another species, of a purple color, is the steatite or soap-rock. From another species, found in the isle of Wight, tobacco pipes are made.

CINCHONA, noun The Peruvian bark, quinquina, of which there are three varieties, the red, yellow and pale.

CINCTURE, noun

1. A belt, a girdle, or something worn round the body.

2. That which encompasses, or incloses.

3. In architecture, a ring or list at the top and bottom of a column, separating the shaft at one end from the base; at the other, from the capital. It is supposed to be in imitation of the girths or ferrils anciently used to strengthen columns.

CINDER, noun

1. Small coals or particles of fire mixed with ashes; embers.

2. Small particles of matter, remaining after combustion, in which fire is extinct; as the cinders of a forge.

CINERATION, noun The reducing of any thing to ashes by combustion.

CINEREOUS, adjective Like ashes; having the color of the ashes of wood.

CINERITIOUS, adjective Having the color or consistence of ashes.

CINGLE, noun A girth; but the word is little used. [See Surcingle.]

CINNABAR, noun Red sulphuret of mercury. Native cinnabar is an ore of quicksilver, moderately compact, very heavy, and of an elegant striated red color. It is called native vermilion, and its chief use is in painting. The intensity of its color is reduced by bruising and dividing it into small parts. It is found amorphous, or under some imitative form, or crystalized. Factitious cinnabar is a mixture of mercury and sulphur sublimed, and thus reduced into a fine red glebe.

CINNABARINE, adjective Pertaining to cinnabar; consisting of cinnabar, or containing it; as, cinnabarine sand.

CINNAMON, noun The bark of two species of Laurus. The true cinnamon is the inner bark of the Laurus Cinnamomum, a native of Ceylon. The base cinnamon is from the Laurus Cassia. The true cinnamon is a most grateful aromatic, of a fragrant smell, moderately pungent taste, accompanied with some degree of sweetness and astringency. It is one of the best cordial, carminative and restorative spices. The essential oil is of great price.

CINNAMON stone, called by Hauy, Essonite, is a rare mineral from Ceylon, of a hyacinth red color, yellowish brown or honey yellow; sometimes used in jewelry.

CINNAMON-water, is made by distilling the bark, first infused in barley water, in spirit of wine, brandy or white wine.

Clove-cinnamon, is the bark of a tree growing in Brazil, which is often substituted for real cloves.

White-cinnamon, or Winters bark, is the bark of a tree, growing in the West Indies, of a sharp biting taste, like pepper.

CINQUE, noun A five; a word used in games.

CION, noun A young shoot, twig or sprout of a tree, or plant, or rather the cutting of a twig, intended for ingrafting on another stock; also, the shoot or slip inserted in a stock for propagation.

VENEFI'CIAL, 'CIOUS, adjective [Latin veneficium.] Acting by poison; bewitching. [Little used.]

CIPHER, noun

1. In arithmetic, an Arabian or Oriental character, of this form 0, which, standing by itself, expresses nothing, but increases or diminishes the value of other figures, according to its position. In whole numbers, when placed at the right hand of a figure, it increases its value ten fold; but in decimal fractions, placed at the left hand of a figure, it diminishes the value of that figure ten fold.

2. A character in general.

3. An intertexture of letters, as the initials of a name, engraved on a seal, box, plate, coach or tomb; a device; an enigmatical character. Anciently, merchants and tradesmen, not being permitted to bear family arms, bore, in lieu of them, their cyphers, or initials of their names, artfully interwoven about a cross.

4. A secret or disguised manner of writing; certain characters arbitrarily invented and agreed on by two or more persons, to stand for letters or words, and understood only by the persons who invent, or agree to use them. This is a mode of communicating information by letters, in time of war, with a view to conceal facts from an enemy, in case the letters should be intercepted. This art has given rise to another art, that of decyphering; and hence cipher is used for a key to unravel the characters. To have, or to learn a cipher is to be able to interpret it.

CIPHER, verb intransitive In popular language, to use figures, or to practice arithmetic.

CIPHER, verb transitive

1. To write in occult characters.

2. To designate; to characterize.

CIPHERING, participle present tense

1. Using figures, or practicing arithmetic.

2. Writing in occult characters.

CIPOLIN, noun A green marble from Rome, containing white zones. It consists chiefly of carbonate of lime, with quartz, shistus, and a small portion of iron.

CIRC, [See Circus.]

CIRCEAN, adjective Pertaining to Circe, the fabled daughter of Sol and Perseis, who was supposed to possess great knowledge of magic and venomous herbs, by which she was able to charm and fascinate.

CIRCENSIAN, adjective Pertaining to the Circus, in Rome, where were practiced games of various kinds, as running, wrestling, combats, etc. The circensian games accompanied most of the feasts of the Romans; but the grand games were held five days, commencing on the 15th of September.

CIRCINAL, adjective Rolled in spirally downwards, the tip occupying the center; a term in foliation or leafing, as in ferns.

CIRCINATE, verb transitive To make a circle; to compass.

CIRCINATION, noun An orbicular motion.

CIRCLE, noun

1. In geometry, a plane figure comprehended by a single curve line, called its circumference, every part of which is equally distant from a point called the center. Of course all lines drawn from the center to the circumference or periphery, are equal to each other.

2. In popular use, the line that comprehends the figure, the plane or surface comprehended, and the whole body or solid matter of a round substance, are denominated a circle; a ring; an orb; the earth.

3. Compass; circuit; as the circle of the forest.

4. An assembly surrounding the principal person. Hence, any company, or assembly; as a circle of friends, or of beauties. Hence the word came to signify indefinitely a number of persons of a particular character, whether associated or not; as a political circle; the circle of ones acquaintance; having however reference to a primary association.

5. A series ending where it begins, and perpetually repeated; a going round.

Thus in a circle runs the peasants pain.

6. Circumlocution; indirect form of words.

7. In logic, an inconclusive form of argument, when the same terms are proved in orbem by the same terms, and the parts of the syllogism alternately by each other, directly and indirectly; or when the foregoing proposition is proved by the following, and the following is inferred from the foregoing; as, that heavy bodies descend by gravity, and that gravity is a quality by which a heavy body descends.

8. Circles of the sphere, are such as cut the mundane sphere, and have their periphery either on its movable surface, as the meridians; or in another immovable, conterminous and equidistant surface, as the ecliptic, equator, and its parallels.

9. Circles of altitude or almucantars, are circles parallel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and diminishing as they approach the zenith.

10. Circles of latitude, are great circles perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through its poles and through every star and planet.

11. Circles of longitude, are lesser circles parallel to the ecliptic, diminishing as they recede from it.

12. circle of perpetual apparition, one of the lesser circles, parallel to the equator, described by any point of the sphere touching the northern point of the horizon, and carried about with the diurnal motion. The stars within this circle never set.

13. circle of perpetual occultation, another lesser circle at a like distance from the equator, which includes all the stars which never appear in our hemisphere.

14. Diurnal circles, are immovable circles supposed to be described by the several stars and other points in the heavens, in their diurnal rotation round the earth, or rather in the rotation of the earth round its axis.

15. Horary circles, in dialing, are the lines which show the hours on dials.

16. Circles of the empire, the provinces or principalities of the German empire, which have a right to be present at the diets. Maximilian I. divided the empire into six circles at first, and afterwards into ten; Austria, Burgundy, Lower Rhine, Bavaria, Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Upper Rhine, Westphalia, and Lower Saxony.

17. Druidical circles, in British Topography, are certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged; as Stone-henge near Salisbury.

CIRCLE, verb transitive

1. To move round; to revolve round.

And other planets circle other suns.

2. To encircle; to encompass; to surround; to inclose.

3. To circle in, to confine; to keep together.

CIRCLE, verb intransitive To move circularly; as, the bowl circles; the circling years.

CIRCLED, participle passive Surrounded; encompassed; inclosed.

CIRCLED, adjective Having the form of a circle; round; as the moons circled orb.

CIRCLER, noun A mean poet, or circular poet.

CIRCLET, noun A little circle; a circle; an orb.

CIRCLING, participle present tense Surrounding; going round; inclosing.

CIRCLING, adjective Circular; round.

CIRCOCELE, noun A varix, or dilatation of the spermatic vein; a varicocele; hernia varicosa.

CIRCUIT, noun

1. The act of moving or passing round; as the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun, or of the moon round the earth.

2. The space inclosed in a circle, or within certain limits.

3. Any space or extent measured by traveling round.

4. That which encircles; a ring; a diadem.

5. In England, the journey of judges through several counties or boroughs, for the purpose of holding courts. In the United States, the journey of judges through certain states or counties for the same purpose.

6. The counties or states in which the same judge or judges hold courts and administer justice. It is common to designate a certain number of counties to form a circuit and to assign one or more judges to each circuit The courts in the circuits are called circuit courts. In the government of the United States, a certain number of states form a circuit

7. A long deduction of reason.

8. In law, a longer course of proceedings than is necessary to recover the thing sued for.

Bailey gives this as the definition of circuity.

CIRCUIT, verb intransitive To move in a circle; to go round.

CIRCUIT, verb transitive To move or go round.

CIRCUITEER, noun One that travels a circuit.

CIRCUITION, noun The act of going round; compass; circumlocution.

CIRCUITOUS, adjective Going round in a circuit; not direct; as a circuitous road or course.

CIRCUITOUSLY, adverb In a circuit.

CIRCUITY, noun A going round; a course not direct.

CIRCULAR, adjective

1. In the form of a circle; round; circumscribed by a circle; spherical; as, the sun appears to be circular

2. Successive in order; always returning.

3. Vulgar; mean; circumforaneous; as a circular poet.

4. Ending in itself; used of a paralogism, where the second proposition at once proves the first, and is proved by it.

5. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; as a circular letter.

6. circular lines, such straight lines as are divided from the divisions made in the arch of a circle; as the lines of sines, tangents and secants, on the plain scale and sector.

7. circular numbers, are those whose powers terminate in the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36.

8. circular sailing, is the method of sailing by the arch of a great circle.

CIRCULAR, noun A circular letter, or paper.

CIRCULARITY, noun A circular form.

CIRCULARLY, adverb In a circular manner; in the formof a circle; in the form of going and returning.

CIRCULATE, verb intransitive

1. To move in a circle; to move or pass round; to move round and return to the same point; as, the blood circulates in the body.

2. To pass from place to place, from person to person, or from hand to hand; to be diffused; as, money circulates in the country; a story circulates in town.

3. To move round; to run; to flow in veins or channels, or in an inclosed place; as, the sap of plants circulates; water circulates in the earth, or air in a city or house.

CIRCULATE, verb transitive To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to put about; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit.

CIRCULATION, noun

1. The act of moving round, or in a circle, or in a course which brings or tends to bring the moving body to the point where its motion began; as the circulation of the blood in the body.

2. A series in which the same order is preserved and things return to the same state.

3. The act of going and returning; or of passing from place to place, or from person to person; as the circulation of money.

4. Currency; circulating coin, or notes or bills current for coin.

5. In chimistry, circulation is an operation by which the same vapor, raised by fire, falls back to be returned and distilled several times.

CIRCULATORIOUS, adjective Travelling in a circuit, or from house to house.

CIRCULATORY, adjective

1. Circular; as a circulatory letter.

2. Circulating.

CIRCULATORY, noun A chimical vessel, in which that which rises from the vessel on the fire is collected and cooled in another fixed upon it, and falls down again.

CIRCUMAMBIENCY, noun The act of surrounding, or encompassing.

CIRCUMAMBIENT, adjective Surrounding; encompassing; inclosing or being on all sides; used particularly of the air about the earth.

CIRCUMAMBULATE, verb intransitive To walk round about.

CIRCUMAMBULATION, noun The act of walking round.

CIRCUMCELLION, noun In church history, a set of illiterate peasants that adhered to the Donatists in the fourth century.

CIRCUMCISE, verb transitive To cut off the prepuce or foreskin of males; a ceremony or rite in the Jewish and Mohammedan religions. The word is applied also to a practice among some nations of performing a like operation upon females.

CIRCUMCISER, noun The act of cutting off the prepuce or foreskin.

CIRCUMCURSATION, noun The act of running about.

CIRCUMDUCT, verb transitive To contravene; to nullify; a term of civil law.

CIRCUMDUCTION, noun

1. A leading about.

2. An annulling; cancellation.

CIRCUMDUCTION, noun

1. A leading about.

2. An annulling; cancellation.

CIRCUMFER, verb transitive To bear or carry round.

CIRCUMFERENCE, noun

1. The line that bounds a circle; the exterior line of a circular body; the whole exterior surface of a round body; a periphery.

2. The space included in a circle.

3. An orb; a circle; any thing circular or orbicular; as in Milton, speaking of a shield.

The broad circumference hung on his shoulders like the moon.

CIRCUMFERENCE, verb transitive To include in a circular space.

CIRCUMFERENTIAL, adjective Pertaining to the circumference.

CIRCUMFERENTOR, noun An instrument used by surveyors for taking angles. It consists of a brass index, and circle, all of a piece; on the circle is a chart, divided into 360 degrees. There are also two sights to screw on and slide up and down the index; also a spangle and socket screwed on the back side of the circle to put the head of the staff in.

CIRCUMFLEX, noun In grammar, an accent serving to note or distinguish a syllable of an intermediate sound between acute and grave. It is a kind of undulation in the voice, but not used in English.

CIRCUMFLEX, verb transitive To mark or pronounce with the accent called a circumflex

CIRCUMFLUENCE, noun A flowing round on all sides; an inclosure of waters.

CIRCUMFLUENT, adjective Flowing round; surrounding as a fluid; as, circumfluent waves.

CIRCUMFLUOUS, adjective Flowing round; encompassing as a fluid; circumfluent.

CIRCUMFORANEAN,

CIRCUMFORANEOUS, adjective Going about; walking or wandering from house to house; as a circumforaneous fidler or piper; circumforaneous wits.

Circumforaneous musicians, male and female, are daily seen at the doors of hotels, in France; and sometimes they enter the room, where a company is dining, and entertain them with music; expecting a franc or a few sous as a reward.

CIRCUMFORANEOUS, a. Going about; walking or wandering from house to house; as a circumforaneous fidler or piper; circumforaneous wits.

CIRCUMFUSE, verb transitive

1. To pour round; to spread round, as a fluid.

2. To spread round; to surround.

CIRCUMFUSILE, adjective That may be poured or spread round; as, circumfusile gold.

CIRCUMFUSION, noun [See Circumfuse.] The act of pouring or spreading round; the state of being poured round.

CIRCUMGESTATION, noun A carrying about.

CIRCUMGYRATE,

CIRCUMGYRATION, noun The act of turning, rolling or whirling round; the turning of a limb in its socket.

CIRCUMGYRATION, n. The act of turning, rolling or whirling round; the turning of a limb in its socket.

CIRCUMGYRE, verb transitive To roll or turn round.

CIRCUMJACENT, adjective Lying round; bordering on every side.

CIRCUMLIGATION, noun The act of binding round; the bond with which any thing is encompassed.

CIRCUMLOCUTION, noun A circuit or compass of words; a periphrase; the use of a number of words to express an idea, when a suitable term is not at hand, or when a speaker chooses to avoid the use of a single term, either from delicacy or respect, or with a view to soften the force of a direct expression, or for other reason.

CIRCUMLOCUTORY, adjective Pertaining to circumlocution; consisting or contained in a compass of words; periphrastic.

CIRCUMMURED, adjective Walled round; encompassed with a wall.

CIRCUMNAVIGABLE, adjective [See Circumnavigate.] That may be sailed round.

CIRCUMNAVIGATE, verb transitive To sail round; to pass round by water; as, to circumnavigate the globe.

CIRCUMNAVIGATION, noun The act of sailing round.

CIRCUMNAVIGATOR, noun One who sails round.

CIRCUMPLICATION, noun A folding, winding or wrapping round; or a state of being enwrapped.

CIRCUMPOLAR, adjective About the pole; an appellation given to stars, which are so near the north pole, as to revolve round it without setting. The number of these depends on the latitude of the spectator. We apply it to the north polar region and stars, but the word is applicable to either pole.

CIRCUMPOSITION, noun s as z. The act of placing in a circle; or the state of being so placed.

CIRCUMRASION, noun s as z. The act of shaving or paring round.

CIRCUMROTARY, adjective Turning, rolling or whirling round.

CIRCUMROTATION, noun The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round.

CIRCUMSCRIBE, verb transitive

1. To inclose within a certain limit; to limit, bound, confine.

You are above the little forms which circumscribe your sex.

2. To write round.

CIRCUMSCRIBED, participle passive Drawn round as a line; limited; confined.

In geometry, this word is applied to a figure which is drawn round another figure, so that all its sides or planes touch the inscribed figure.

CIRCUMSCRIBING, participle present tense Drawing a line round; inclosing; limiting; confining.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE, adjective That may be circumscribed or limited by bounds.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION, noun

1. The line that limits; limitation; bound; confinement.

2. In natural philosophy, the termination or limits of a body; the exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body.

3. A circular inscription.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE, adjective Defining the external form; marking or inclosing the limits or superficies of a body.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIVELY, adverb In a limited manner.

CIRCUMSPECT, adjective Literally, looking on all sides; looking round. Hence,

Cautious; prudent; watchful on all sides; examining carefully all the circumstances that may affect a determination, or a measure to be adopted.

CIRCUMSPECTION, noun Caution; attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case, and to the natural or probable consequences of a measure, with a view to a correct course of conduct, or to avoid danger.

CIRCUMSPECTIVE, adjective Looking round every way; cautious; careful of consequences; watchful of danger.

CIRCUMSPECTIVELY, adverb Cautiously; vigilantly; heedfully; with watchfulness to guard against danger.

CIRCUMSPECTLY, adverb Cautiously; with watchfulness every way; with attention to guard against surprise or danger.

CIRCUMSPECTNESS, noun Caution; circumspection; vigilance in guarding against evil from every quarter.

CIRCUMSTANCE, noun

1. Something attending, appendant, or relative to a fact, or case; a particular thing, which, though not essential to an action, in some way affects it; the same to a moral action, as accident to a natural substance; as, the circumstances of time, place and persons, are to be considered.

2. The adjuncts of a fact, which make it more or less criminal, or make an accusation more or less probable; accident; something adventitious; incident; event.

3. Circumstances, in the plural, condition, in regard to worldly estate; state of property; as a man in low circumstances, or in easy circumstances.

CIRCUMSTANCED, participle passive or adjective Placed in a particular manner, with regard to attending facts or incidents; as, circumstanced as we were, we could not escape.

CIRCUMSTANT, adjective Surrounding.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL, adjective

1. Attending; relating to; but not essential.

2. Consisting in or pertaining to circumstances, or to particular incidents.

3. Incidental; casual.

4. Abounding with circumstances, or exhibiting all the circumstances; minute; particular; as a circumstantial account or recital.

5. In law, circumstantial evidence is that which is obtained from circumstances, which necessarily or usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises presumption.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL, noun Circumstantials, in the plural, are things incident to the main subject, but of less importance; opposed to essentials; as the circumstantials of religion.

CIRCUMSTANTIALITY, noun

1. The appendage of circumstances; the state of any thing as modified by circumstances.

2. Particularity in exhibiting circumstances; minuteness; as the circumstantiality of a story or description.

CIRCUMSTANTIALLY, adverb

1. According to circumstances; not essentially; accidentally.

2. Minutely; exactly; in every circumstance of particular.

CIRCUMSTANTIATE, verb transitive

1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts.

2. To place in a particular condition with regard to power or wealth.

CIRCUMTERRANEOUS, adjective Around the earth.

CIRCUMVALLATE, verb transitive To surround with a rampart.

CIRCUMVALLATION, noun

1. In the art of war, a surrounding with a wall or rampart; also, a wall, rampart, or parapet with a trench, surrounding the camp of a besieging army, to prevent desertion, and guard the army against any attempt of an enemy to relieve the place besieged.

2. The rampart, or fortification surrounding a besieged place.

[Note. This word, from the Latin, vallo, or vallum, vallus, denotes properly the wall or rampart thrown up; but as the rampart is formed by entrenching, and the trench makes a part of the fortification, the word is applied to both. See Eng. Wall.]

CIRCUMVECTION, noun A carrying about.

CIRCUMVENT, verb transitive Literally, to come round; hence,

To gain advantage over another, or to accomplish a purpose, by arts, stratagem, or deception; to deceive; to prevail over another by wiles or fraud; to delude; to impose on.

CIRCUMVENTED, participle passive Deceived by craft or stratagem; deluded.

CIRCUMVENTING, participle present tense Deceiving; imposing on.

CIRCUMVENTION, noun

1. The act of prevailing over another by arts, address, or fraud; deception; fraud; imposture; delusion.

2. Prevention; preoccupation.

CIRCUMVENTIVE, adjective Deceiving by artifices; deluding.

CIRCUMVEST, verb transitive To cover round, as with a garment.

CIRCUMVOLATION, noun The act of flying round.

CIRCUMVOLUTION, noun

1. The act of rolling round; the state of being rolled; also the thing rolled round another.

2. In architecture, the torus of the spiral line of the Ionic order.

CIRCUMVOLVE, verb transitive To roll round; to cause to revolve; to put into a circular motion.

CIRCUMVOLVE, verb intransitive To roll round; to revolve.

CIRCUMVOLVED, participle passive Rolled round; moved in a circular manner.

CIRCUMVOLVING, participle present tense Rolling round; revolving.

CIRCUS, noun

1. In antiquity, a round or oval edifice, used for the exhibition of games and shows to the people. The Roman circus was encompassed with porticos, and furnished with rows of seats, rising one above another for the accommodation of spectators. The circus Maximus was nearly a mile in circumference.

2. The open area, or space inclosed, in which were exhibited games and shows; as wrestling, fighting with swords, staves or pikes, running or racing, dancing, quoits, etc.

3. In modern times, a circular inclosure for the exhibition of feats of horsemanship.

CIRL, noun An Italian bird about the size of a sparrow.

CIRRIFEROUS, adjective Producing tendrils or claspers, as a plant.

CIRROUS, adjective Terminating in a cirrus, curl or tendril; as a cirrous leaf.

CISALPINE, adjective On this side of the Alps, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south of the Alps; opposed to transalpine.

CISPADANE, adjective On this side of the Po, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south side.

CISSOID, noun A curve of the second order, invented by Diocles.

CIST, noun A case. [See Cyst, the proper orthography.]

CISTED, adjective Inclosed in a cyst. [See Cyst.]

CISTERCIAN, noun A monk, a reformed Benedictine.

CISTERN, noun

1. An artificial reservoir or receptacle for holding water, beer or other liquor, as in domestic uses, distilleries, and breweries.

2. A natural reservoir; a hollow place containing water; as a fountain or lake.

CISTIC, adjective [See Cystic.]

CISTUS, noun The rock-rose, a genus of plants of many species, most of them natives of the southern parts of Europe. Some of them are beautiful evergreen flowering shrubs, and ornamental in gardens.

CIT, noun [contracted from citizen.] A citizen, in a low sense; an inhabitant of a city; a pert townsman; a pragmatical trader.

CITADEL, noun A fortress or castle, in or near a city, intended for its defense; a place of arms.

CITAL, noun

1. Reproof; impeachment.

2. Summons; citation; quotation.

CITATION, noun

1. A summons; an official call or notice, given to a person, to appear in a court, and answer to a demand; a call or notice to appear, in various other cases, and the paper containing such notice or call.

2. Quotation; the act of citing a passage from a book; or from another person, in his own words; also, the passage or words quoted.

3. Enumeration; mention.

CITATORY, adjective Citing; calling; having the power or form of citation; as, letters citatory

CITE, verb transitive

1. To call upon officially, or authoritatively; to summon; to give legal or official notice, as to a defendant to appear in court, to answer or defend.

2. To enjoin; to direct; to summon; to order or urge.

3. To quote; to name or repeat, as a passage or the words of another, either from a book or from verbal communication; as, to cite a passage from scripture, or to cite the very words a man utters.

4. To call or name, in support, proof or confirmation; as, to cite an authority to prove a point in law.

CITER, noun

1. One who cites or summons into court.

2. One who quotes a passage or the words of another.

CITESS, noun [See Cit.] A city woman.

CITHARISTIC, adjective Pertaining to or adapted to the harp; or appropriated to the accompaniment of the harp.

CITHERN, noun A stringed musical instrument, among the ancients, the precise form of which is not known, but it bore some resemblance to the modern guitar, the name of which is evidently from this ancient word.

CITICISM, noun [from cit.] The manners of a cit or citizen.

CITIED, adjective Belonging to a city.

CITISIN, noun A substance of a yellow color, obtained from the seeds of the Cytisus Laburnum.

CITIZEN, noun

1. The native of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys the freedom and privileges of the city in which he resides; the freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises.

2. A townsman; a man of trade; not a gentleman.

3. An inhabitant; a dweller in any city, town or place.

4. In general sense, a native or permanent resident in a city or country; as the citizens of London or Philadelphia; the citizens of the United States.

5. In the United States, a person, native or naturalized, who has the privilege of exercising the elective franchise, or the qualifications which enable him to vote for rulers, and to purchase and hold real estate.

If the citizens of the United States should not be free and happy, the fault will be entirely their own.

CITIZEN, adjective Having the qualities of a citizen

CITIZENIZE, verb transitive To make a citizen; to admit to the rights and privileges of a citizen.

Talleyrand was citizenized in Pennsylvania, when there in the form of an emigrant.

CITIZENSHIP, noun The state of being vested with the rights and privileges of a citizen.

CITRATE, noun In Chimistry, a neutral salt, formed by a union of the citric acid, or acid of lemons, with a base,

The onion yields citrate of lime.

CITRIC, adjective Belonging to lemons or limes; as citric acid.

CITRIL, noun A beautiful song bird of Italy.

CITRINATION, noun [See Citrine.] The turning to a yellow green color.

CITRINE, adjective Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon color; yellow, or greenish yellow.

CITRINE, noun A species of very fine sprig crystal, of a beautiful yellow color, found in columns, and terminating in a hexangular pyramid.

CITRON, noun The fruit of the citron tree, a large species of lemon.

CITRUL, noun The pompion or pumpkin, so named from its yellow color.

CITY, noun

1. In a general sense, a large town; a large number of houses and inhabitants, established in one place.

2. In a more appropriate sense, a corporate town; a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by particular officers, as a mayor and aldermen. This is the sense of the word in the United States. In Great Britain, a city is said to be a town corporate that has a bishop and a cathedral church; but this is not always the fact.

3. The collective body of citizens, or the inhabitants of a city; as when we say, the city voted to establish a market, and the city repealed the vote.

CITY, adjective Pertaining to a city; as city wives; a city feast; city manners.

CIVES, noun A species of leek, of the genus Allium.

CIVET, noun A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from a bag under the tail of the civet-cat. It is of a clear, yellowish, or brownish color; of a strong smell, and offensive when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume.

CIVIC, adjective Literally, pertaining to a city or citizen; relating to civil affairs or honors. The civic crown, in roman affairs, was a crown or garland of oak boughs, bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

CIVIL, adjective

1. Relating to the community, or to the policy and government of the citizens and subjects of a state; as in the phrases, civil rights, civil government, civil privileges, civil war, civil justice. It is opposed to criminal; as a civil suit, a suit between citizens alone; whereas a criminal process is between the state and a citizen. It is distinguished from ecclesiastical, which respects the church; and from military, which respects the army and navy.

2. Relating to any man as a member of a community; as civil power, civil rights, the power or rights which a man enjoys as a citizen.

3. Reduced to order, rule and government; under a regular administration; implying some refinement of manners; not savage or wild; as civil life; civil society.

4. Civilized; courteous; complaisant; gentle and obliging; well-bred; affable; kind; having the manners of a city, as opposed to the rough, rude, coarse manners of a savage or clown.

Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung.

5. Grave; sober; not gay or showy.

Till civil suited morn appear.

6. Compaisant; polite; a popular colloquial use of the word.

7. civil death, in law, is that which cuts off a man from civil society, or its rights and benefits, as banishment, outlawry, excommunication, entering into a monastery, etc., as distinguished from natural death.

8. civil law, in a general sense, the law of a state, city or country; but in an appropriate sense, the Roman empire, comprised in the Institutes, Code and Digest of Justinian and the Novel Constitutions.

9. civil list, the officers of civil government, who are paid from the public treasury; also, the revenue appropriated to support the civil government.

The army of James II was paid out of his civil list.

10. civil state, the whole body of the laity or citizens, not included under the military, maritime, and ecclesiastical states.

11. civil war, a war between people of the same state or city; opposed to foreign war.

12. civil year, the legal year, or annual account of time which a government appoints to be used in its own dominions, as distinguished from the natural year, which is measured by the revolution of the heavenly bodies.

13. civil architecture, the architecture which is employed in constructing buildings for the purposes of civil life, in distinction from military and naval architecture; as private houses, palaces, churches, etc.

CIVILIAN, noun [from civil.]

1. One who is skilled in the Roman law; a professor or doctor of civil law.

2. In a more extended sense, one who is versed in law and government.

3. A student of the civil law at the university.

CIVILIST, noun A civilian.

CIVILITY, noun

1. The state of being civilized; refinement of manners; applied to nations; as distinguished from the rudeness of barbarous nations.

2. Good breeding; politeness; complaisance; courtesy; decorum of behavior in the treatment of others, accompanied with kind offices, and attention to their wants and desires. civility respects manners or external deportment, and in the plural, civilities denote acts of politeness.

CIVILIZATION, noun [See Civilize.]

1. The act of civilizing, or the state of being civilized; the state of being refined in manners, from the grossness of savage life and improved in arts and learning.

2. The act of rendering a criminal process civil.

CIVILIZE, verb transitive To reclaim from a savage state; to introduce civility of manners among a people, and instruct them in the arts of regular life.

CIVILIZED, participle passive Reclaimed from savage life and manners; instructed in arts, learning and civil manners.

Such sale of conscience and duty in open market is not reconcilable with the present state of civilized society.

CIVILIZER, noun

1. One who civilizes; he that reclaims others from a wild and savage life, and teaches them the rules and customs of civility.

2. That which reclaims from savageness.

CIVILIZING, participle present tense Reclaiming from savage life; instructing in arts and civility of manners.

CIVILLY, adverb

1. In a manner relating to government, or to the rights or character of a member of the community.

2. In a manner relating to private rights; opposed to criminally; as a process civilly commenced for the private satisfaction of a party injured.

3. Not naturally, but in law; as a man civilly dead.

4. Politely; complaisantly; gently; with due decorum; courteously; as, we were civilly treated.

5. Without gaudy colors, or finery; as chambers furnished civilly

CIVISM, noun Love of country; patriotism.

CIZAR, verb transitive To clip with scissors.

CIZE, for size, is not in use.