ARABESQUE,

ARA'BIAN, adjective [See the noun.] Pertaining to Arabia.

ARA'BIAN, noun [Arab denotes a wanderer, or a dweller in a desert.] A native of Arabia; an Arab.

ARA'BIAN, a. [See the noun.] Pertaining to Arabia.

ARA'BIAN, n. [Arab denotes a wanderer, or a dweller in a desert.] A native of Arabia; an Arab.

AR'ABIC, adjective Belonging to Arabia, or the language of its inhabitants.

AR'ABIC, noun The language of the Arabians.

ARAB'ICALLY, adverb In the Arabian manner.

AR'ABISM, noun An Arabic idiom or peculiarity of language.

AR'ABIST, noun One well versed in Arabic literature.

AR'ABLE, adjective [Latin aro, Gr. to plow.]

Fit for plowing or tillage; hence often applied to land which has been plowed.

AR'ABY, noun Arabia.

ARACH'NOID, adjective [Gr. a spider, and from; Heb. to weave, that is to stretch, to draw out; Eng. reach.]

In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic, or arachnoid is a semitransparent thin membrane which is spread over the brain and piamater, and for the most part closely connected with the latter. The term has also been applied to that capsule of the crystalline lens, which is a continuation of the hyaloid membrane.

ARACH'NOID, noun A species of madrepore found fossil.

ARACHO'SIAN, adjective Designating a chain of mountains which divide Persia from India.

ARAIGNEE' or ARRA'IGN, noun ardin.

In fortification, the branch, return or gallery of a mine.

ARA'ISE, verb transitive To raise. [Not used.]

ARAME'AN, adjective Pertaining to Aram, a son of Shem, or to the Chaldeans.

AR'AMISM, noun An idiom of the Aramean or Chaldee language; a Chaldaism.

ARA'NEOUS, adjective [Latin aransea, a spider, or cobweb.] Resembling a cobweb.

ARAUCA'NIAN, a Pertaining to the Araucanians, a tribe of aboriginals, inhabiting Arauco, in Chili.

'ARBALIST, noun [From arcus, a bow, and balista, Latin , an engine to throw stones; Gr. to throw.]

A cross-bow. This consists of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger; and is bent with a piece of iron. It serves to throw bullets, darts, arrows, etc.

'ARBALISTER, noun A cross-bowman.

'ARBITER, noun [Latin]

1. A person appointed, or chosen by parties in controversy, to decide their differences. This is its sense in the civil law. In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word.

2. In a general sense, now most common, a person who has the power of judging and determining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited.

3. One that commands the destiny, or holds the empire of a nation or state.

'ARBITRABLE, adjective Arbitrary; depending on the will.

ARBIT'RAMENT, noun

1. Will; determination.

2. The award of arbitrators. In this sense award is more generally used.

'ARBITRARILY, adverb By will only; despotically; absolutely.

'ARBITRARINESS, noun The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny.

ARBITRA'RIOUS, adjective Arbitrary; despotic. [Not used.]

ARBITRA'RIOUSLY, adverb Arbitrarily. [Not used.]

ARBITRARY, adjective [Latin arbitrarious.]

1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment.

ARBITRARY power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused to licentiousness.

2. Despotic; absolute in power; having no external control; as, an arbitrary prince or government.

'ARBITRATE, verb intransitive [Latin arbitror.]

To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose men to arbitrate between us.

'ARBITRATE, verb transitive to decide; to determine; to judge of.

ARBITRA'TION, noun

1. The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called an award.

2. A hearing before arbitrators, though they make no award. [This is a common use of the word in the United States.

'ARBITRATOR, noun A person chosen by a party, or by the parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. The act of the parties in giving power to the arbitrators is called the submission, and this may be verbal or written. The person chosen as umpire, by two arbitrators, when the parties do not agree, is also called an arbitrator

2. An arbiter, governor, or president.

3. In a more extensive sense, an arbiter; one who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control.

'ARBITRESS, noun A female arbiter.

'ARBOR, noun [Latin arbor a tree, and the primary sense.]

1. A frame of lattice work, covered with vines, branches of trees or other plants, for shade; a bower.

2. In botany, a tree, as distinguished from a shrub. The distinction which Linne makes, that a tree springs up with a bud on the stem, and a shrub not, is found not to hold universally; and the tree, in popular understanding, differs from the shrub only in size. arbor forms the seventh family of vegetables in Linne's system. [See Tree.]

3. In mechanics, the principal part of a machine, sustaining the rest. Also the axis or spindle of a machine, as of a crane, or windmill.

This in America is called the shaft.

'ARBORATOR, noun One who plants or who prunes trees.

ARBO'REOUS, adjective [Latin arborecus, from arbor.]

Belonging to a tree; resembling a tree; constituting a tree; growing on trees, as moss is arboreous

ARBORES'CENCE, noun [Latin arboresco, to grow to a tree.]

The figure of a tree; the resemblance of a tree in minerals, or crystalizations or groups of crystals in that form.

ARBORES'CENT, adjective

1. Resembling a tree; having the figure of a tree; dendritical.

2. From herbaceous becoming woody.

ARBORES'CENT STAR-FISH, noun a species of asterias, called also caput Medusae. [See Starfish.]

'ARBORET, noun

A small tree or shrub; a place planted or overgrown with trees.

'ARBORIST, noun One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees.

ARBORIZA'TION, noun The appearance or figure of a tree or plant in minerals, or fossils. [See Herborization.]

'ARBORIZE, verb transitive To form the appearance of a tree or plant in minerals.

'ARBUSCLE, noun [Latin arbusculus, a little tree.]

A dwarf tree, in size between a shrub and a tree.

ARBUS'CULAR, adjective Resembling a shrub; having the figure of small trees.

ARBUST'IVE, adjective [From arbustum.]

Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs.

ARBUST'UM, noun [Latin See Arbor.] A copse of shrubs or trees; an orchard.

'ARBUTE, noun [Latin arbutus.] The strawberry tree.

ARBU'TEAN, adjective Pertaining to the strawberry tree.

'ARC, noun [Latin arcus, a bow, vault or arch; arcuo, to bend; Gr. beginning, origin; to begin, to be the author or chief. The Greek word has a different application, but is probably from the same root as arcus, from the sense of springing or stretching, shooting up, rising, which gives the sense of a vault, or bow, as well as of chief or head. Heb. to weave; to desire, or long for, to ascend. Gr.; Latin fragro; and the sense of arch is from stretching upwards, ascending. From arc or arch comes the sense of bending, deviating and cunning.]

In geometry, any part of the circumference of a circle, or curved line, lying from one point to another; a segment, or part of a circle, not more than a semicircle.

ARCA'DE, noun A long or continued arch; a walk arched above.

ARCA'DIAN,

ARCA'DIC, adjective Pertaining to Arcadia, a mountainous district in the heart of the Peloponnesus.

ARCA'DIC, a. Pertaining to Arcadia, a mountainous district in the heart of the Peloponnesus.

ARCA'DICS, noun The title of a book in Pausanias, which treats of Arcadia.

ARCA'NE, adjective [Latin arcanus.] Hidden, secret. [Not much used.]

ARCA'NUM, noun [Latin] A secret; generally used in the plural, arcana, secret things, mysteries.

ARCBOUTANT, noun [See About, Abutment.] In building, an arched buttress.

'ARCH, noun [See Arc.]

1. A segment or part of a circle. A concave or hollow structure of stone or brick, supported by its own curve. It may be constructed of wood, and supported by the mechanism of the work. This species of structure is much used in bridges.

A vault is properly a board arch

2. The space between two piers of a bridge, when arched; or any place covered with an arch

3. Any curvature, in form of an arch

4. The vault of heaven, or sky.

Triumphal arches are magnificent structures at the entrance of cities, erected to adorn a triumph and perpetuate the memory of the event.

'ARCH, verb transitive To cover with an arch; to form with a curve; as to arch a gate.

'ARCH, verb intransitive To make an arch or arches; as, to arch beneath the sand.

'ARCH, adjective [Latin arcus, a bow; Eng. rogue.]

Cunning; sly; shrewd; waggish; mischievous for sport; mirthful; as we say in popular language, roguish; as an arch lad.

'ARCH, adjective Used also in composition. [Gr. chief.]

Chief; of the first class; principal; as, an arch deed.

Shakespeare uses this word as a noun; 'My worthy arch and patrons; ' but the use is not authorized.

'ARCHAISM, noun [Gr. ancient, from beginning.]

An ancient or obsolete phrase or expression.

ARCHAN'GEL, noun

1. An angel of the highest order; an angel occupying the eighth rank in the celestiai hierarchy.

2. The name of several plants, as the dead-nettle, or lamium; a species of melittis; and the galeopsis or hedge-nettle.

ARCHANGEL'IC, adjective Belonging to archangels.

ARCHAPOS'TATE, noun A chief apostate.

ARCHAPOS'TLE, noun The chief apostle.

ARCH'ARCHITECT, noun The supreme architect.

ARCHBE'ACON, noun The chief beacon, place of prospect or signal.

ARCHBILD'ER, noun Chief builder.

ARCHBISH'OP, noun A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class; a metropolitan bishop, who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops, in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

ARCHBISH'OPRIC, noun [Archbishop and ric, or rick, territory or jurisdiction.]

The jurisdiction or place of an archbishop; the province over which an archbishop exercises authority.

ARCHBOTCH'ER, noun The chief botcher, or mender, ironically.

ARCHBUILD'ER,

ARCHBUT'LER, noun A chief butler; an officer of the German empire, who presents the cup to the emperor, on solemn occasions. This office belongs to the king of Bohemia.

ARCHBUT'LER, n. A chief butler; an officer of the German empire, who presents the cup to the emperor, on solemn occasions. This office belongs to the king of Bohemia.

ARCHCHAMBERLAIN, noun A chief chamberlain; an officer of the German empire, whose office is similar to that of the great chamberlain in England. This office belongs to the elector of Brandenburg.

ARCHCH'ANCELLOR, noun A chief chancellor; an officer in the German empire, who presides over the secretaries of the court. Under the first races of French kings, when Germany and Italy belonged to them, three archchancellors were appointed; and this institution gave rise to the three archchancellors now subsisting in German, who are the archbishops of Mentz, of Cologne, and of Treves.

ARCHCH'ANTER, noun The chief chanter, or president of the chanters of a church.

ARCHCHIM'IC, adjective Of supreme chimical powers.

ARCHCONSPIR'ATOR, noun Principal conspirator.

ARCHCOUNT', noun A chief count; a title formerly given to the earl of Flanders, on account of his great riches and power.

ARCHCRIT'IC, noun A chief critic.

ARCHDAP'IFER, noun [Arch, chief, and Latin dapifer, a food-bearer, from daps, meat or a feast, and fero, to carry.]

An officer in the German empire, whose office is, at the coronation of the emperor, to carry the first dish of meat to table on horseback.

ARCHDE'ACON, noun [See Deacon.]

In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, who has jurisdiction either over a part or over the whole diocese. He is usually appointed by the bishop, and has an authority originally derived from the bishop, but now independent of him. He has a court, the most inferior of ecclesiastical courts, for hearing ecclesiastical causes, and the punishment of offenders by spiritual censures.

ARCHDE'ACONRY, noun The office, jurisdiction or residence of an archdeacon. In England, every diocese is divided into archdeaconries, of which there are sixty, and each archdeaconry into rural deaneries, and each deanery into parishes.

ARCHDE'ACONSHIP, noun The office of an archdeacon.

ARCHDIVI'NE, noun A principal theologian.

ARCHDRU'ID, noun [See Druid.] A chief druid, or pontiff of the ancient druids.

ARCHDU'CAL, adjective [See Archduke.] Pertaining to an archduke.

ARCHDUCH'ESS, noun [See Duchess.] A title given to the females of the house of Austria.

ARCHDUCH'Y, noun The territory of an archduke or archduchess.

ARCHDU'KE, [See Duke.] A title given to princes of the House of Austria; all the sons being archdukes, and the daughters archduchesses.

ARCHDU'KEDOM, noun The territory or jurisdiction of an archduke or archduchess.

'ARCHED, participle passive Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch.

ARCHEN'EMY, noun A principal enemy.

ARCHEOLOG'ICAL, adjective Pertaining to a treatise or antiquity, or to the knowledge of ancient things.

ARCHEOL'OGY, noun [Gr. ancient, and discourse.]

A discourse an antiquity; learning or knowledge which respects ancient times.

'ARCHER, noun [See Arch and Arc.]

A bowman; one who uses a bow in battle; one who is skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.

'ARCHERESS, noun A female archer.

'ARCHERY, noun The use of the bow and arrow; the practice, art or skill of archers; the act of shooting with a bow and arrow.

'ARCHETYPAL, adjective Original; constituting a model or pattern.

'ARCHETYPE, noun [Gr. beginning, and form.]

1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made; as, a tree is the archetype or pattern of our idea of that tree.

2. Among minters, the standard weight, by which others are adjusted.

3. Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed in the idea of God, before the creation.

ARCHE'US, noun [Gr. beginning, or a chief.]

A term used by the ancient chimists, to denote the interal efficient cause of all things; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers; the power that presides over the animal economy, or the vis medicatrix; the active principle of the material world. In medicine, good health, or ancient practice.

ARCHFEL'ON, noun [See Felon.] A chief felon.

ARCHFIE'ND, noun [See Fiend.] A chief fiend or foe.

ARCHFLAM'EN, noun A chief flamen or priest.

ARCHFLAT'TERER, noun [See Flatter.] A chief flatterer.

ARCHFO'E, noun [See Foe.] A grand or chief enemy.

ARCHFOUND'ER, noun A chief founder.

ARCHGOV'ERNOR, noun The chief governor.

ARCHHER'ESY, noun [See Heresy.] The greatest heresy.

ARCHHER'ETIC, noun A chief heretic.

ARCHHI'EREY, noun [Gr. chief, and priest.] A chief priest in Russia.

ARCHHYP'OCRITE, noun A great or chief hypocrite.

ARCH'IATER, noun [Gr. chief, and physician.] Chief physician; a word used in Russia.

ARCH'ICAL, adjective Chief; primary.

ARCHIDIAC'ONAL, adjective [See Deacon.]

Pertaining to an archdeacon; as an archidiaconal visitation.

ARCHIEPIS'COPAL, adjective [See Episcopal.]

Belonging to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.

'ARCHIL, noun A lichen, which grows on rocks, in the Canary and Cape de Verd isles, which yields a rich purple color, not durable, but very beautiful. It is bruised between stones, and moistened with strong spirit of urine mixed with quick lime. It first takes a purplish red color, and then turns to blue. In the first state it is called archil; and in the second, lacmas or litmase, litmus.

ARCHILO'CHIAN, adjective Pertaining to Archilochus, the poet, who invented a verse of seven feet, the first four dactyls or spondees, the last three, trochees.

'ARCHILUTE, noun

A large lute, a theorbo, the base-strings of which are doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.

'ARCHIMAGUS, noun [See Magician.] The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire.

ARCHIMAND'RITE, noun [from mandrite, a Syriac word for monk.]

In church history, a chief of the mandrites or monks, answering to abbot in Europe.

'ARCHING, participle present tense Forming an arch; covering with an arch.

'ARCHING, adjective Curving like an arch.

ARCHIPEL'AGO, noun [Authors are not agreed as to the origin of this word. Some suppose it to be compounded of Gr. chief, and sea; others of the Egean sea.]

In a general sense, a sea interspersed with many isles; but particularly the sea which separates Europe from Asia, otherwise called the Egean Sea. It contains the Grecian isles, called Cyclades and Sporades.

'ARCHITECT, noun [Gr. chief, and a workman. See Technical.]

1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and superintend the artificers employed.

2. A contriver; a former or maker.

ARCHITECT'IVE, adjective Used in building; proper for building.

ARCHITECTON'IC, adjective That has power or skill to build.

ARCHITECTON'ICS, noun The science of architecture.

ARCHITECT'RESS, noun A female architect.

ARCHITECT'URAL, adjective Pertaining to the art of building; that is according to the rules of architecture.

'ARCHITECTURE, noun [Latin architectura.]

1. The art of building; but in a more limited and appropriate sense, the art of constructing houses, bridges and other buildings for the purposes of civil life.

2. Frame or structure.

The earth is a piece of divine architecture

Military architecture is the art of fortification.

Naval architecture is the art of building ships.

'ARCHITRAVE, noun [Gr. chief, and Latin trabs, a beam.]

In architecture, the lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column. It probably represents the beam which, in ancient buildings, extended from column to column, to support the roof.

In chimneys, the architrave is called the mantle piece; and over doors and windows, the hyperthyrion.

'ARCHIVAL, adjective [See Archives.] Pertaining to archives or records; contained in records.

'ARCHIVAULT, noun [arch, chief, and vault.]

In building, the inner contour of an arch, or a band adorned with moldings, running over the faces of the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. It has only a single face in the Tuscan order; two faces crowned in the Doric and Ionic, and the same moldings, as the architrave, in the Corinthian and Composite.

'ARCHIVES, noun plural [Gr.; Low Latin archivum.]

The apartment in which records are kept; also the records and papers which are preserved, as evidences of facts.

'ARCHIVIST, noun The keeper of archives or records.

'ARCHLIKE, adjective Built like an arch.

'ARCHLUTE,

'ARCHLY, adverb Shrewdly; wittily; jestingly.

'ARCHLY, adv. Shrewdly; wittily; jestingly.

ARCHMAGI'CIAN, noun The chief magician.

ARCHMAR'SHAL, noun The grand marshal of the German empire; a dignity belonging to the elector of Saxony.

'ARCHNESS, noun Cunning; shrewdness; waggishness.

'ARCHON, noun [Gr. a prince.]

The archons in Greece were chief magistrates chosen, after the death of Codrus, from the most illustrious families, to superintend civil and religious concerns. They were nine in number; the first was properly the archon; the second was called king; the third, polemarch, or general of the forces. The other six were called thesmothetae, or legislators.

'ARCHONSHIP, noun The office of an archon; or the term of his office.

ARCHON'TICS, noun In church history, a branch of the Valentinians, who held that the world was not created by God, but by angels, archontes.

ARCHP'ASTOR, noun Chief pastor, the shepherd and bishop of our souls.

ARCHPHILOS'OPHER, noun A chief philosopher.

ARCHPIL'LAR, noun The main pillar.

ARCHPO'ET, noun The principal poet.

ARCHPOLITI'CIAN, noun [See Policy.] An eminent or distinguished politician.

ARCHPON'TIFF, noun [See Pontiff.] A supreme pontiff or priest.

ARCHPRE'LATE, noun [See Prelate.] The chief prelate.

ARCHPRES'BYTER, noun [See Presbyter.] a chief presbyter or priest.

ARCHPRES'BYTERY, noun The absolute dominion of presbytery, or the chief presbytery.

ARCHPRIE'ST, noun [See Priest.] A chief priest.

ARCHPRI'MATE, noun The chief primate; an archbishop

ARCHPROPH'ET, noun Chief prophet.

ARCHPROT'ESTANT, noun A principal or distinguished protestant.

ARCHPUB'LICAN, noun The distinguished publican.

ARCHREB'EL, noun The chief rebel

ARCHTRA'ITOR, noun A principal traitor.

ARCHTREAS'URER, noun [See Treasure.]

The great treasurer of the German empire; a dignity claimed by the elector of Hanover.

ARCHTREAS'URERSHIP, noun The office of archtreasurer.

ARCHTY'RANT, noun A principal or great tyrant.

ARCHVIL'LAIN, noun [See Villain.] A chief or great villain.

ARCHVIL'LANY, noun Great villany.

'ARCHWISE, adverb [arch and wise. See wise.] In the form of an arch.

ARCTA'TION,

ARC'TIC, adjective [Gr. a bear, and a northern constellation so called.]

Northern; pertaining to the northern constellation, called the bear; as, the arctic pole, circle, region or sea.

The arctic circle is a lesser circle parallel to the equator, 23 degrees 28' from the north pole. this, and the antarctic circle, are called the polar circles, and within these lie the frigid zones.

ARC'TIC, a. [Gr. a bear, and a northern constellation so called.]

ARC'TITUDE, noun [Latin artus, tight.] Preternatural straightness; constipation from inflammation.

'ARCTIZITE, noun A mineral, now called Wernerite.

ARCTU'RUS, noun [Gr. a bear, and tail.] A fixed star of the first magnitude, in the constellation of Bootes.

'ARCUATE, adjective [Latin arcuatus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow.

ARCUA'TION, noun

1. The act of bending; incurvation; the state of being bent; curvity; crookedness; great convexity of the thorax.

2. A method of raising trees by layers; that is, by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth, three inches deep upon the joints; making a basin of earth to hold the water. When these have taken root, they are removed into a nursery.

'ARCUBALIST, noun [Latin arcus, a bow, and balista, an engine for throwing stones.] A cross-bow.

ARCUBALIS'TER, noun A cross-bowman; one who used the arbalist.

'ARD, The termination of many English words. We observe it in Goddard, a divine temper; Giffard, a disposition to give, liberality; Bernard, flial affection; standard, drunkard, dotard, etc.

'ARDENCY, noun [Latin ardens, from ardeo, to burn.]

Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal.

'ARDENT, adjective

1. Hot; burning; that causes sensation of burning; as, ardent spirits, that is distilled spirits; an ardent fever.

2. Having the appearance of quality of fire; fierce; as ardent eyes.

3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; affectionate; much engaged; zealous; as, ardent love or vows; ardent zeal.

'ARDENTLY, adverb With warmth; affectionately; passionately.

'ARDENTNESS, noun Ardency.

'ARDOR, noun [Latin]

1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays.

2. Warmth, or heat, applied to the passions and affections; eagerness; as, he pursues study with ardor; they fought with ardor

Milton uses the word for person or spirit bright and effulgent, but by an unusual license.

ARDUOUS, adjective [Latin arduus.]

1. High, lofty, in a literal sense; as, arduous paths.

2. Difficult; attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise.

'ARDUOUSLY, adverb In an arduous manner; with laboriousness.

'ARDUOUSNESS, noun Height; difficulty of execution.

ARE. The plural of the substantive verb; but a different word from be, am or was. It is usually pronounced ar.

ARE, noun [Latin] In France, a measure, the new square perch, containing a hundred square meters, a little less than two square perches of 22 feet, in the ancient measure.

A'REA, noun [Latin I suspect this to be contracted from Heb. from a root which signifies to reach, stretch, lay or spread.]

1. Any plain surface, as the floor of a room, of a church or other building, or of the ground.

2. The space or site on which a building stands; or of any inclosure.

3. In geometry, the superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; as the area of a square or a triangle.

4. Among physicians, baldness; an empty space; a bald space produced by alopeey; also a name of the disease.

5. In mining, a compass of ore allotted to diggers.

AREA'D,

A'REAL, adjective Pertaining to an area; as areal interstices.

A'REAL, a. Pertaining to an area; as areal interstices.

AREE'D, verb transitive To counsel; to advise. obsolete

AREE'K, adverb In a reeking condition. [See Reek.]

AREFAC'TION, noun [Latin arefacio, to dry, from aero.] The act of drying; the state of growing dry.

AR'EFY, verb transitive To dry or make dry.

ARE'NA, noun [Latin sand.]

1. An open space of ground strewed with sand, on which the gladiators, in ancient Rome, exhibited shows of fighting for the amusement of spectators. Hence, a place for public exhibition.

2. Among physicians, sand or gravel in the kidneys.

ARENA'CEOUS, adjective [from arena, sand.]

1. Sandy; having the properties of sand.

2. Brittle; as arenaceous limestone.

ARENA'TION, noun Among physicians, a sand bath; a sprinkling of hot sand upon a diseased person.

AREN'DALITE, noun In mineralogy, another name of epidote, or pistacite; epidote being the name given to it by Hauy, and pistacite by Werner. [See Epidote.]

ARENDA'TOR, noun

In Livonia and other provinces of Russia, a farmer of the farms or rents; one who contracts with the crown for the rents of the farms. He who rents an estate belonging to the crown, is called Crownarendator. Arende is a term used both for the estate let to farm, and the sum for which it is rented.

ARENILIT'IC, adjective [arena, sand, and a stone.]

Pertaining to sand stone; consisting of sand stone; as arenilite mountains.

ARENO'SE,

AR'ENOUS, adjective Sandy; full of sand.

AR'ENOUS, a. Sandy; full of sand.

AREO'LA, noun [Latin] The colored circle round the nipple or round a pustule.

AR'EOLE,

AREOM'ETER, noun [Gr. rare, thin, and to measure.]

An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids.

AREOM'ETER, n. [Gr. rare, thin, and to measure.]

AREOMET'RICAL, adjective Pertaining to an areometer.

AREOM'ETRY, noun The measuring or act of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

AREOP'AGITE, noun A member of the Areopagus, which see.

Acts 17:34.

AREOPAGIT'IC, adjective Pertaining to the Areopagus.

AREOP'AGUS, noun [Gr. Mars, and hills.]

A sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for the justice and impartiality of its decisions. It was originally held on a hill in the city; but afterward removed to the Royal Portico, an open square, where the judges sat in the open air, inclosed by a cord. Their sessions were in the night, that they might not be diverted by objects of sight, or influenced by the presence and action of the speakers. By a law of Solon, no person could be a member of this tribunal, until he had been archon or chief magistrate. This court took cognizance of high crimes, impiety and immorality, and watched over the laws and the public treasury.

AREOT'IC, adjective [Gr. thin.] Attenuating; making thin, as in liquids; rarefying.

AREOT'IC, noun A medicine, which attenuates the humors, dissolves viscidity, opens the pores, and increases perspiration; an attenuant.

ARETOL'OGY, noun [Gr. virtue, and discourse.]

That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature and the means of attaining to it. [Little used.]

'ARGAL, noun Unrefined or crude tartar, a substance adhering to the sides of wine casks.

ARGE'AN, adjective Pertaining to Argo or the Ark.

'ARGENT, noun [Latin argentum; Gr. silver, from white.]

1. The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness.

2. adjective Silvery; of a pale white, like silver.

3. adjective Bright.

Ask of yonder argent fields above.

ARGENT'AL, adjective Pertaining to silver; consisting of silver; containing silver; combined with silver; applied to the native amalgam of silver, as argental mercury.

'ARGENTATE, noun A combination of the argentic acid with another substance.

ARGENTA'TION, noun An overlaying with silver.

ARGENT'IC, adjective Pertaining to silver; the argentic acid is a saturated combination of silver and oxygen. This is yet hypothetical.

ARGENTIF'EROUS, adjective [Latin argentum, silver, and fero, to produce.] Producing silver; as argentiferous ore.

ARGENTI'NA,

'ARGENTINE, noun In ichthyology, a genus of fishes of the order of abdominals.

Argentina is also a name of the wild tansy, silver-weed.

'ARGENTINE, adjective Like silver; pertaining to silver, or sounding like it.

'ARGENTINE, noun In mineralogy, a subspecies of carbonate of lime, nearly pure; a mineral of a lamellated or slaty structure; its lamens usually curved or undulated; its surface is shining, or of a pearly luster. It is found in primitive rocks, and frequently in metallic veins.

'ARGENTINE, n. In ichthyology, a genus of fishes of the order of abdominals.

'ARGIL, noun A species of the Ardea, or genus of cranes.

'ARGIL, noun [Latin argilla, white clay, from Gr. white.]

In a general sense, clay, or potter's earth; but in a technical sense, pure clay, or alumine.

ARGILLA'CEOUS, adjective [Latin argillaceus.] Partaking of the nature of clay; clayey; consisting of argil.

ARGILLIF'EROUS, adjective [Latin argilla, clay, and fero, to produce.] Producing clay; applied to such earths as abound with argil.

'ARGILLITE, noun Argillaceous shist or slate; clay-slate. Its usual color is bluish, greenish or blackish gray.

ARGILLIT'IC, adjective Pertaining to argillite.

ARGILLOCAL'CITE, noun [of argilla, clay, and calx, calcarious earth.]

A species of calcarious earth, with a large proportion of clay.

ARGILLOMU'RITE, noun [of argilla, clay, and muria, brine or salt water; magnesia being obtained from sea-salt.]

A species of earth consisting of magnesia, mixed with silex, alumine and lime; a variety of Magnesite.

ARGIL'LOUS, adjective Consisting of clay; clayey; parting of clay; belonging to clay.

'ARGIVE, adjective Designating what belongs to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece, whose inhabitants were called Argivi. This name however is used by the poets for the Greeks in general.

ARGO, noun The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the golden fleece.

ARGO'AN, adjective Pertaining to the ship Argo.

ARGOL'IC, adjective Belonging to Argolis, a territory or district of Peloponnese, between Arcadia and the Egean sea; as the argolic Gulf.

ARGOL'ICS, noun The title of a chapter in Pausanias, which treats of Argolis.

ARGONAUT, noun [of Jason's ship, and a sailor.]

One of the persons who sailed to Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the golden fleece.

ARGONAUT'A, noun [See Argonaut.]

A genus of shell-fish, of the order of vermes testacea. The shell consists of one spiral involuted valve. There are several species; one of which is the Argo, with a subdentated carina, the famous nautilus, which, when it sails, extends two of its arms, spreading a membrane, which serves for a sail, and six other arms are thrown out, for rowing or steering.

ARGONAUT'IC, adjective Pertaining to the Argonauts, or to their voyage to Colchis; as the argonautic story.

ARGONAUT'ICS, noun A poem on the subject of Jason's voyage, or the expedition of the Argonauts; as, the argonautics of Orpheus, of V. Flaccus, and of Apollonius Rhodius.

'ARGOSY, noun A large merchantman; a carrac.

'ARGUE, verb intransitive [Latin arguo, to show, argue accuse or convict.]

1. To reason; to invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion or measure; as, A argues in favor of a measure; B argues against it.

2. To dispute; to reason with; followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend, a week, without convincing him.

'ARGUE, verb transitive

1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before the supreme court; the cause was well argued.

2. To prove or evince; to manifest by inference or deduction; or to show reasons for; as, the order visible in the universe argues a divine cause.

3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion.

4. Formerly, to accuse or charge with; a Latin sense, now obsolete; as, to argue one of profaneness.

'ARGUED, participle passive Debated; discussed; evinced; accused.

'ARGUER, noun One who argues; a reasoner; a disputer; a controvertist.

'ARGUING, participle present tense Inventing and offering reasons; disputing; discussing; evincing; accusing.

'ARGUING, noun Reasoning; argumentation.

What doth your arguing reprove? Job 6:25.

'ARGUMENT, noun [Latin argumentum.]

1. A reason offered for or against a proposition, opinion, or measure; a reason offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; followed by for or against.

2. In logic, an inference drawn from premises, which are indisputable, or at least of probable truth.

3. The subject of a discourse or writing.

4. An abstract or summary of a book, or the heads of the subjects.

5. A debate or discussion; a series of reasoning; as, an argument was had before the court, in which argument all the reasons were urged.

6. In astronomy, an arch by which we seek another unknown arch, proportional to the first.

ARGUMENT'AL, adjective Belonging to argument; consisting in argument.

ARGUMENTA'TION, noun Reasoning; the act of reasoning; the act of inventing or forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion. The operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true.

ARGUMENT'ATIVE, adjective

1. Consisting of argument; containing a process of reasoning; as an argumentative discourse.

2. Showing reasons for; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator.

ARGUMENT'ATIVELY, adverb In an argumentative manner.

'ARGUS, noun A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, placed by Juno to guard Io. The origin of this being may perhaps be found in the Teutonic word arg, crafty, cunning, of which the hundred eyes are symbolical.

ARGU'TE, adjective [Latin argutus.] Sharp; shrill; witty. [Little used.]

ARGU'TENESS, noun Acuteness; wittiness. [Little used.]

A'RIAN, adjective Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century; or to his doctrines.

A'RIAN, noun One who adheres to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be a created being, inferior to God the father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings; and also that the Holy Spirit is not God, but created by the power of the Son.

A'RIANISM, noun The doctrines of the Arians.

A'RIANIZE, verb intransitive To admit the tenets of the Arians.

AR'ID, adjective [Latin aridus, dry, from areo, to be dry.]

Dry; exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; as an arid waste.

AR'IDAS, noun A kind of taffeta, from the East Indies, made of thread, from certain plants.

ARID'ITY,

AR'IDNESS, noun

1. Dryness; a state of being without moisture.

2. A dry state of the body; emaciation; the withering of a limb.

AR'IDNESS, n.

A'RIES, noun [Latin from the Celtic.

The ram, a constellation of fixed stars, drawn on the globe, in the figure of a ram. It is the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 21st of March.

AR'IETATE, verb intransitive [Latin arieto, from aries.]

To butt, as a ram. [Not used.]

ARIETA'TION, noun

1. The act of battering with the aries or battering ram.

2. The act of striking or conflicting. [Rarely used.]

ARIET'TA, noun A short song; an air, or little air.

ARI'GHT, adverb [a and right.]

Rightly; in a right form; without mistake or crime.

AR'IL,

AR'ILLATED,

AR'ILLED, adjective Having an exterior covering or aril as coffee.

AR'ILLATED,

AR'ILLED, a. Having an exterior covering or aril, as coffee.

ARIL'LUS, noun The exterior coat or covering of a seed, fixed to it at the base only, investing it wholly or partially, and falling off spontaneously; by some writers called, from the Greek, Calyptra. It is either succulent, or cartilaginous; colored, elastic, rough or knotted.

AR'IMA,

AH'RIMAN, noun

The evil genius or demon of the Persians; opposed to yezad, yezdan, ormozed, or hormizda, the good demon. The ancient magi held, that there are two deities or principles; one the author of all good, eternally absorbed in light; the other, the author of all evil, forever buried in darkness; or the one represented by light; the other by darkness. The latter answers to the loke of the Scandinavians, whose Celtic name, lock, signifies darkness. Originally, the Persians held these demons or principles to be equal, and from all eternity; by the moderns maintain that the evil principle is an inferior being. So the devil is called the prince of darkness.

AR'IMAN,

ARIOLA'TION,

HARIOLA'TION, noun [Latin ariolus or hariolus, a sooth sayer.]

A soothsaying; a foretelling.

ARIO'SO, adjective Light; airy.

But according to Rousseau, applied to music, it denotes a kind of melody bordering on the majestic style of a capital air.

ARI'SE, verb intransitive s as z preterit tense arose; participle passive arisen; Heb.

1. To ascend, mount up or move to a higher place; as, vapors arise from humid places.

2. To emerge from below the horizon; as, the sun or a star arises or rises.

3. To get out of bed; to leave the place or state of rest; or to leave a sitting or lying posture.

The king arose early and went to the den. Daniel 6:1.

4. To begin; to spring up; to originate.

A persecution arose about Stephen. Acts 11:7.

5. To revive from death; to leave the grave.

Many bodies of saints arose. Math. 27.

Figuratively, to wake from a state of sin and stupidity; to repent.

Arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee life.

Ephesians 5:14.

6. To begin to act; to exert power; to move from a state of inaction.

7. To appear, or become known; to become visible, sensible or operative.

To you shall the sun of righteousness arise Math. 4.

8. To be put in motion; to swell or be agitated; as, the waves arose.

9. To be excited or provoked; as, the wrath of the king shall arise

10. To emerge from poverty, depression or distress.

By whom shall Jacob arise? for he is small. Amos 7:2.

11. To appear in a particular character; to enter upon an office.

There arose a new king who knew not Joseph. Exodus 1:1.

12. To begin sedition, insurrection, or mutiny; as, the men arose, or rose upon their officers.

13. To invade, assault or begin hostility; followed by against.

When he arose against me, I caught him by the beard.

1 Samuel 17:1.

In this sense, the word against really belongs to the verb, and is necessary to give it this meaning. [See Rise, another form of this verb, which has the same signification, and is more generally used in popular language.]

ARI'SING, participle present tense Ascending; moving upward; originating or proceeding; getting up; springing up; appearing.

ARIST'A, noun [Latin] In botany, awn, the long pointed beard which issues from the husk, or scaly flower cup of the grasses, called the glume.

ARISTAR'CHY, noun [Gr. best, and rule.]

A body of good men in power, or government by excellent men.

ARISTO'CRACY, noun [Gr. best, and to hold or govern.]

A form of government, in which the whole supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state; or in a few men distinguished by their rank and opulence. When the supreme power is exercised by a small number, the government is called an oligarchy. The latter word however is usually applied to a corrupted form of aristocracy

ARIST'OCRAT, noun One who favors an aristocracy in principle or practice; one who is a friend to an aristocratical form of government.

ARISTOCRAT'IC,

ARISTOCRAT'ICAL, adjective

1. Pertaining to aristocracy; consisting in a government of nobles, or principal men; as an aristocratic constitution.

2. Partaking of aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners.

ARISTOCRAT'ICAL, a.

ARISTOCRAT'ICALLY, adverb In an aristocratical manner.

ARISTOCRAT'ICALNESS, noun The quality of being aristocratical.

ARISTOTE'LIAN, adjective Pertaining to Aristotle, a celebrated philosopher, who was born at Stagyra, in Macedon, about 384 years before Christ. The aristotelian philosophy is otherwise called peripatetic.

ARISTOTE'LIAN, noun A follower of Aristotle, who was a disciple of Plato, and founded the sect of peripatetics. [See Peripatetic.]

ARISTOTE'LIANISM, noun The philosophy or doctrines of Aristotle.

ARISTOTEL'IC, adjective Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy.

The pernicious effects of the aristotelic system.

AR'ITHMANCY, noun [Gr. number, and divination.]

Divination or the foretelling of future events by the use or observation of numbers.

ARITH'METIC, noun [Gr. to number, the art of numbering, from number; from number, rhythm, order, agreement.]

The science of numbers, or the art of computation. The various operations of arithmetic are performed by addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

ARITHMET'ICAL, adjective Pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic.

ARITHMET'ICALLY, adverb According to the rules, principles or method arithmetic.

ARITHMETI'CIAN, noun One skilled in arithmetic, or versed in the science of numbers.

'ARK, noun [Latin arca.]

1. A small close vessel, chest or coffer, such as that which was the repository of the tables of the covenant among the Jews. This was about three feet nine inches in length. The lid was the propitiatory, or mercy seat, over which were the cherubs. The vessel in which Moses was set afloat upon the Nile was an ark of bulrushes.

2. The large floating vessel, in which Noah and his family were preserved, during the deluge.

3. A depository.

Arise, O Lord, into thy rest, thou and the ark of thy strength. Psalms 132:8.

4. A large boat used on American rivers, to transport produce to market.

'ARKITE, noun A term used by Bryant to denote one of the persons who were preserved in the ark; or who, according to pagan fables, belonged to the ark.

'ARKITE, adjective Belonging to the ark.

'ARKTIZITE,

'ARM, noun [Latin armus, an arm, a shoulder, a wing; armus is directly from the Gr. a joint, it would seem to be formed from Gr. to fit.]

1. The limb of the human body, which extends from the shoulder to the hand.

2. The branch of a tree, or the slender part of a machine, projecting from a trunk or axis. The limbs of animals are also sometimes called arms.

3. A narrow inlet of water from the sea.

4. Figuratively, power, might, strength; as the secular arm. In this sense the word is often used in the scriptures.

To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed. Isaiah 53:1.

'ARM, verb transitive [Latin armo; arma.]

1. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense, or defense; as, to arm the militia.

2. To cover with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, or security; as, to arm the hilt of a sword.

3. To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify.

Arm yourselves with the same mind. 1 Peter 4:1.

'ARM, verb intransitive To provide with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms; as, the nations arm for war.

This verb is not really intransitive in this use, but reciprocal, the pronoun being omitted. The nations arm - for, the nations arm themselves.

'ARM, n. [L. armus, an arm, a shoulder, a wing; armus is directly from the Gr. a joint, it would seem to be formed from Gr. to fit.]

'ARM, v.t. [L. armo; arma.]

'ARM, v.i. To provide with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms; as, the nations arm for war.

ARMA'DA, noun

A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. The term is usually applied to the Spanish fleet, called the Invincible armada consisting of 130 ships, intended to act against England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, adjective D. 1588.

ARMADIL'LO, noun

A quadruped peculiar to America, called also tatoo, and in zoology, the dasypus. This animal has neither fore-teeth, nor dog-teeth; it is covered with a hard, bony shell, divided into movable belts, except on the forehead, shoulders and haunches, where it is not movable. The belts are connected by a membrane, which enables the animal to roll itself up like a hedge hog. These animals burrow in the earth, where they lie during the day time, seldom going abroad except at night. They are of different sizes; the largest 3 feet in length, without the tail. They subsist chiefly on fruits and roots; sometimes on insects and flesh. When attacked, they roll themselves into a ball, presenting their armor on all sides to any assailant; but they are inoffensive, and their flesh is esteemed good food.

'ARMAMENT, noun [Latin armamenta, utensils, tackle, from arma.]

A body of forces equipped for war; used of a land or naval force. It is more generally used of a naval force, including ships, men and all the necessary furniture for war.

ARMAMENT'ARY, noun An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [Rarely used.]

'ARMATURE, noun [Latin armatura.]

1. Armor; that which defends the body. It comprehends whatever is worn for defense of the body, and has been sometimes used for offensive weapons. armature like arms and armor, is used also of the furniture of animals and vegetables, evidently intended for their protection; as prickles, spines and horns.

2. In ancient military art, an exercise performed with missive weapons, as darts, spears and arrows.

'ARMED, participle passive

1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security; fortified, in a moral sense.

2. In heraldry, armed is when the beaks, talons, horns, or teeth of beasts and birds of prey are of a different color from the rest of the body.

3. Capped and cased as the load stone; that is set in iron.

An armed ship is one which is taken into the service of government for a particular occasion, and armed like a ship of war.

ARME'NIA, adjective Pertaining to armenia a country and formerly, a kingdom, in Asia, divided into Major and Minor. The greater armenia is now called Turcomania.

ARME'NIAN, noun A native of Armenia, or the language of the country.

Armenian bole is a species of clay from Armenia, and found in other countries. But the term, being of uncertain signification, is rejected in modern mineralogy. [See Bole.]

Armenian stone, a soft blue stone, consisting of calcarious earth or gypsum, with the oxyd of copper. It is too soft to give fire with steel, loses its color when heated, and does not admit of a polish.

'ARMFUL, noun As much as the arms can hold.

ARMGAUNT, adjective slender, as the arm. [Not in use.]

'ARMHOLE, noun [arm and hole.]

1. The cavity under the shoulder, or the armpit.

2. A hole for the arm in a garment.

ARMIG'EROUS, adjective [Latin armiger, arma and gero.]

Literally, bearing arms. But in present usage, armiger is a title of dignity next in degree to a knight. In times of chivalry, it signified an attendant on a knight, or other person of rank, who bore his shield and rendered him other military services. so in antiquity, Abimilech, Saul, etc. had their armor bearers. Judges 9:1. 1 Samuel 16:1. as had Hector and Achilles. This title, under the French princes, in England, was exchanged, in common usage, for esquire, Latin scutum, a shield. Armiger is still retained with us as a title of respect, being the Latin word equivalent to esquire, which see.

'ARMILLARY, adjective [Latin armilla, a bracelet, from armus, the arm.]

Resembling a bracelet, or ring; consisting of rings or circles. It is chiefly applied to an aritificial sphere, composed of a number of circles of the mundane sphere, put together intheir natural order, to assist in giving a just conception of the constitution of the heavens, and the motions of the celestial bodies. This aritificial sphere revolves upon its axis within a horizon, divided into degrees, and movable every way upon a brass supporter.

'ARMING, participle present tense Equipping with arms; providing with the means of defense or attack; also, preparing for resistance in a moral sense.

'ARMINGS, noun The same as waist-clothes, hung about a ship's upper works.

ARMIN'IAN, adjective Pertaining to Arminius, or designating his principles.

ARMIN'IAN, noun One of a sect or party of Christians, so called from Arminius or Harmansen, of Holland, who flourished at the close of the 16th century, and beginning of the 17th. The arminian doctrines are,

1. conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination.

2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit.

3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God; but that this grace is not irresistible and may be lost; so that men may relapse from a state of grace and die in their sins.

ARMIN'IANISM, noun The peculiar doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

ARMIP'OTENCE, noun [arma and potentia. See Potency.] Power in arms.

ARMIP'OTENT, adjective [arma and sonus. See sound.] Sounding or rustling in arms.

ARMIS'ONOUS, adjective [arma and sonus. See sound.] Sounding or rustling in arms.

'ARMISTICE, noun [Latin arma and sisto, to stand still, Gr.]

A cessation of arms, for a short time, by convention; a truce; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the parties.

'ARMLESS, adjective Without an arm; destitute of weapons.

'ARMLET, noun [dim. of arm.] A little arm; a piece of armor for the arm; a bracelet.

'ARMOR, noun [from arm.]

1. Defensive arms; any habit worn to protect the body in battle; formerly called harness. A complete armor formerly consisted of a casque or helmet, a gorget, cuirass, gauntlets, tasses, brassets, crushes, and covers for the legs to which the spurs were fastened.

In English statutes, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war; including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statutes of armor directed what arms every man should provide, 27. Hen. II. and of Westminster. Hence armor includes all instruments of war.

2. In a spiritual sense, a good conscience, faith and Christian graces are called armor Romans 13:1. Ephesians 6:1. 2 Corinthians 6:1.

Coat-armor is the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc.

'ARMORER, noun A maker of armor or arms; a manufacturer of instruments of war. The armorer of a ship has the charge of the arms, to see that they are in a condition fit for service.

ARMO'RIAL, adjective Belonging to armor, or to the arms or escutcheon of a family; as ensigns armorial

ARMOR'IC,

ARMOR'ICAN, adjective

Designating the northwestern part of France, formerly called Armorica, afterward Bretague, or Britanny. This part of France is peopled by inhabitants who speak a dialect of the Celtic. It is usually supposed their ancestors were refugees or colonists from England.

ARMOR'IC, noun The language of the Armoricans; one of the Celtic dialects which have remained to the present times.

ARMOR'ICAN, noun A native of Armorica, or Bretagne.

ARMOR'ICAN, a.

'ARMORIST, noun One skilled in heraldry.

'ARMORY, noun

1. A place where arms, and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping.

2. Armor; defensive arms.

3. Ensigns armorial.

4. The knowledge of coat-armor; skill in heraldry.

'ARMPIT, noun [arm and pit.] The hollow place or cavity under the shoulder.

'ARMS, noun plural [Latin arma.]

1. Weapons of offense, or armor for defense and protection of the body.

2. War; hostility.

Arms and the man I sing.

To be in arms to be in a state of hostility, or in a military life.

To arms is a phrase which denotes a taking arms for war or hostility; particularly, a summoning to war.

To take arms is to arm for attack or defense.

Bred to arms denotes that a person has been educated to the profession of a soldier.

3. The ensigns armorial of a family; consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.

4. In law, arms are any thing which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another.

5. In botany, one of the seven species of fulcra or props of plants, enumerated by Linne and others. The different species of arms or armor, are prickles, thorns, forks and stings, which seem intended to protect the plants from injury by animals.

Sire arms are such as may be charged with powder, as cannon, muskets, mortars, etc.

A stand of arms consists of a musket, bayonet, cartridge-box and belt, with a sword. But for common soldiers a sword is not necessary.

In falconry, arms are the legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot.

'ARMY, noun

1. A collection or body of men armed for war, and organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades and divisions, under proper officers. In general, an army in modern times consists of infantry and cavalry, with artillery; although the union of all is not essential to the constitution of an army Among savages, armies are differently formed.

2. A great number; a vast multitude; as an army of locusts or caterpillars. Joel 2:25.

'ARNOLDIST, noun A disciple of Arnold of Brescia, who in the 12th century, preached against the Romish Church, for which he was banished; but he was afterwards permitted to return. By his preaching, an insurrection was excited, for which he was condemned and executed.

'ARNOT, noun A name of the bunium, pignut or earthnut.

ARNOT'TO, The Anotta, which see. Also a tree so called.

'ARNUTS, noun Tall oat grass.

ARO'MA,

AR'OMA, noun [Gr.] The quality of plants which constitutes their fragrance, which is perceived by an agreeable smell, or a warm spicy taste.

AROMAT'IC,

AROMAT'ICAL, adjective Fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; having an agreeable odor.

AROMAT'IC, noun A plant which yields a spicy, fragrant smell, or a warm pungent taste; as sage, summer savory, geranium, sweet marjoram, etc.

AROMAT'ICAL, a. Fragrant; spicy; strong-scented; odoriferous; having an agreeable odor.

AR'OMATITE, noun A bituminous stone, in smell and color resembling myrrh.

AROMATIZA'TION, noun The act of impregnating or scenting with aroma, or rendering aromatic.

AR'OMATIZE, verb transitive To impregnate with aroma; to infuse an aromatic odor; to give a spicy scent or taste; to perfume.

AR'OMATIZED, participle passive Impregnated with aroma; rendered fragrant.

AR'OMATIZER, noun That which communicates an aromatic quality.

AR'OMATIZING, participle present tense Rendering spicy; impregnating with aroma.

ARO'MATOUS, adjective Containing aroma, or the principle of fragrance.

AR'OPH, [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.]

1. A name by which saffron is sometimes called.

2. A chimical preparation of Paracelsus, formed by sublimation from equal quantities of hematite and sal ammoniac. The word is also used by the same writer as synonymous with lithontriptic, a solvent for the stone.

ARO'SE, The past or preterit tense of the verb, to arise.

AROUND', preposition [a and round. See Round.]

1. About; on all sides; encircling; encompassing; as, a lambent flame around his brows.

2. In a looser sense, from place to place; at random.

AROUND', adverb

1. In a circle; on every side.

2. In a looser sense, at random; without any fixed direction; as, to travel around from town to town. [See Round.]

AROURA, noun [Gr.] A Grecian measure of fifty feet. Also, a square measure of half the plethron, a measure not ascertained. The Egyptian aroura was the square of a hundred feet or a hundred cubits.

AROUSE, verb transitive arouz'. [Heb.]

To excite into action, that which is at rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion that which is languid; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties.

AROUS'ED, participle passive Excited into action; put in motion.

AROUS'ING, participle present tense Putting in motion; stirring; exciting into action or exertion.

AROW, adverb [a and row.] In a row; successively.

AROYNT', adverb Be gone; away. obsolete

ARPEG'GIO, noun

The distinct sound of the notes of an instrumental chord, accompanying the voice.

'ARPENT, noun

In Domesday, it is written arpennus, arpendus, and arpent Columella mentions that the arepennis was equal to half the Roman juger. The word is supposed to be corrupted from arvipendium, or aripennium, the measuring of land with a cord.

A portion of land in France, ordinarily containing one hundred square rods or perches, each of 18 feet. But the arpent is different in different parts of France. The arpent of Paris contains 900 square toises. It is less than the English acre, by about one seventh.

ARQUEBUSA'DE, noun

1. A distilled liquor applied to a bruise.

2. The shot of an arquebuse.

'ARQUEBUSE,

H'ARQUEBUSE, noun

A hand gun; a species of fire arms, anciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed nearly two ounces. A larger kind, used in fortresses carried a ball of three ounces and a half.

ARQUEBUSIE'R, noun a soldier armed with an arquebuse.

AR'RACH, noun a plant. See Orrach.

ARRACK', noun Contacted into rack. a spirituous liquor imported from the East Indies. The name is said to signify, in the East, any spirituous liquor; but that which usually bears this name is toddy, a liquor distilled from the juice of the cocoanut tree, procured by incision. Some persons allege it to be a spirit distilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of the cocoanut.

AR'RAGONITE, noun

In mineralogy, a species of carbonate of lime, but not pure, and said to contain 3 or 4 per cent. of carbonate of strontian. It differs from pure carbonate of lime, in hardness, specific gravity, crystaline structure, etc. It is harder than calcarious spar, and exhibits several varieties of structure and form. It is often crystallized, generally in hexahedral prisms or pyramids. The massive varieties have usually a fibrous structure, exhibiting various imitative forms, being sometimes coraloidal.

ARRA'IGN verb transitive arra'ne. [Latin reus, contracted from the root of res.]

1. To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to answer to the matter charged against him in an indictment or information. When called, the indictment is read to him, and he is put to plead, guity or not guilty, and to elect by whom he will be tried.

2. According to Law writers, to set in order; to fit for trial; as, to arraign a writ of novel disscisin. To arraign the assize, is to cause the tenant to be called to make the plaint, and set the cause in order, that the tenant may be brought to answer.

3. To accuse; to charge with faults. More correctly, to call before the bar of reason, or taste; to call in question, for faults before any tribunal.

They will not arraign you for want of knowledge.

ARRA'IGN, noun arra'ne. Arraignment; as, clerk of the arraigns.

ARRA'IGNED, participle passive Called before a tribunal to answer, and elect triers; accused; called in question.

ARRA'IGNING, participle present tense Calling before a court or tribunal; accusing.

ARRA'IGNMENT, noun

1. The act of arraigning; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an accusation, and to choose his triers.

2. Accusation.

3. A calling in question for faults.

ARRA'IMENT, noun [See Array.] Clothes; garments. We now use raiment.

ARRANGE, verb intransitive

1. To put in proper order; to dispose the parts of a whole in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as troops arranged for battle.

2. To adjust; to settle; to put in order; to prepare; a popular use of the word of very general application.

ARRANGED, participle passive Put in order; disposed in the proper order; adjusted.

ARRANGEMENT, noun

1. The act of putting in proper order; the state of being put in order; disposition in suitable form.

2. That which is disposed in order; system of parts disposed in due order.

The interest of that portion of social arrangement is in the hands of all those who compose it.

3. Preparatory measure; previous disposition; as, we have made arrangements for receiving company.

4. Final settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a popular use of the word.

5. Classification of facts relating to a subject, in a regular, systematic order; as the Linnean arrangement of plants.

ARRANGER, noun One that puts in order.

ARRANGING, participle present tense Putting in due order or form; adjusting.

AR'RANT, adjective [I know not the origin of this word.]

Notorious, in an ill sense; infamous; mere; vile; as an arrant rogue or coward.

AR'RANTLY, adverb Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully.

AR'RAS, noun Tapestry; hangings wove with figures.

ARRA'Y, noun

1. Order; disposition in regular lines; as an army in battle array Hence a posture of defense.

2. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person.

3. In law, the act of impaneling a jury; or a jury impaneled; that is, a jury set in order by the sheriff, or called man by man.

Commission of array in English history, was a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war.

ARRA'Y, verb transitive

1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle.

2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; it is applied especially to dress of a splendid kind.

Array thyself with glory. Job 40:10.

Pharaoh arrayed Joseph with fine linen. Genesis 41:42.

3. To set a jury in order for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man.

4. To envelop.

In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed.

ARRA'YED, participle passive Set in order, or in lines; arranged in order for attack or defense; dressed; adorned by dress; impaneled, as a jury; enveloped.

ARRA'YER, noun One who arrays. In English history, an officer who had a commission of array, to put soldiers of a country in a condition for military service.

ARRA'YING, participle present tense Setting in order; putting on splendid raiment; impaneling.

ARRE'AR, adverb [Latin ad and retro.]

Behind; at the hinder part. In this sense obsolete. But from this use, we retain the word as a noun in the phrase, in arrear to signify behind in payment.

ARRE'AR, noun That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due. It is generally used in the plural, as the arrears of rent, wages and taxes; and supposes a part of the money already paid.

ARRE'ARAGE, noun

Arrears; any sum of money remaining unpaid, after previous payment of a part. A person may be in arrear for the whole amount of a debt; but arrears and arrearage imply that apart has been paid.

ARRECT',

ARRECT'ED, adjective [Latin arrectus, raised, erect, from arrigo. See Reach.] Erect; attentive; as a person listening.

ARRECT'ED, a. [L. arrectus, raised, erect, from arrigo. See Reach.] Erect; attentive; as a person listening.

ARRENTA'TION, noun [See Rent.]

In the forest laws of England, a licensing the owner of land in a forest, to inclose it with a small ditch and low hedge, in consideration of a yearly rent.

ARREPTI'TIOUS, adjective [Latin arreptus, of ad and rapio, to snatch. See Rapacious.]

1. Snatched away.

2. Crept in privily.

ARREST', verb transitive [Latin resto, to stop; Eng. to rest. See Rest.]

1. To obstruct; to stop; to check or hinder motion; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses.

2. To take, seize or apprehend by virtue of a warrant from authority; as, to arrest one for debt or for a crime.

3. To seize and fix; as, to arrest the eyes or attention.

The appearance of such a person in the world, and at such a period, ought to arrest the consideration of every thinking mind.

ARREST', noun

1. The taking or apprehending of a person by virtue of a warrant from authority. An arrest is made by seizing or touching the body.

2. Any seizure, or taking by power, physical or moral.

3. A stop, hindrance or restraint.

4. In law, an arrest of judgment is the staying or stopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes assigned. Courts have power to arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon the face of the record; as when the declaration varies from the original writ; when the verdict differs materially from the pleadings; or when the case laid in the declaration is not sufficient in point of law, to found an action upon. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.

5. A mangy humor between the ham and pastern of the hind legs of a horse.

ARRESTA'TION, noun The act of arresting; an arrest, or seizure.

ARREST'ED, participle passive Seized; apprehended; stopped; hindered; restrained.

ARREST'ER,

ARREST'ING, participle present tense Seizing; staying; hindering; restraining.

ARREST'ING, ppr. Seizing; staying; hindering; restraining.

ARREST'MENT, noun

The order of a judge by which a debtor to the arrestor's debtor is prohibited to make payment, till the debt due to the arrestor is paid or secured.

ARREST'OR, noun One who arrests.

ARRET', noun arreste'.

The decision of a court tribunal or council; a decree published; the edict of a soverign prince.

ARRET', verb transitive To assign; to allot. obsolete

ARRI'DE, verb transitive [Latin arrideo.] To laugh at; to please well. [Not in use.]

ARRIE'RE, noun The last body of an army; now called rear, which see.

Arriere-ban, or ban and arriere ban. This phrase is defined to be a general proclamation of the French kings, by which not only their immediate feudatories, but their vassals, were summoned to take the field for war. In this case, arriere is the French word signifying those who are last or behind, and ban is proclamation. [See Ban.]

Arriere-fee or fief. A fee or fief dependent or a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory.

Arriere vassal. The vassal of a vassal.

ARRI'VAL, noun

1. The coming to, or reaching a place, from a distance, whether by water, as in its original sense, or by land.

2. The attainment or gaining of any object, by effort, agreement, practice or study.

ARRI'VANCE, noun

1. Company coming. [Not used.]

2. Arrival; a reading in progress. obsolete

ARRI'VE, verb intransitive [Latin ripa.]

1. Literally, to come to the shore, or bank. Hence to come to or reach in progress by water, followed by at. We arrived at Havre De Grace, July 10, 1924. noun W.

2. To come to or reach by traveling on land; as, the post arrives at 7 o'clock.

3. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass by effort, practice, study, enquiry, reasoning or experiment; as, to arrive at an unusual degree of excellence or wickedness; to arrive at a conclusion.

4. To happen or occur.

He to whom this glorious death arrives.

ARRI'VE, verb transitive To reach. [Not in use.]

ARRI'VING, participle present tense Coming to, or reaching by water or land; gaining by research, effort or study.

ARRO'BA, noun A weight in Portugal of thirty two pounds; in Spain, of twenty five pounds. Also a Spanish measure of thirty two Spanish pints.

AR'ROGANCE, noun [Latin arrogantia, from arrogo, to claim; of ad and rogo, to beg, or desire. See Arrogate.]

The act or quality of taking much upon one's self; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; conceitedness; presumption.

I will cause the arrogance of the proud to cease. Isaiah 13:1. 1 Samuel 2:1. Pov. 8.

AR'ROGANCY, noun Arrogance. [This orthography is less usual.]

AR'ROGANT, adjective

1. Assuming; making or having the disposition to make exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; haughty; conceited; applied to persons.

2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims of self importance; applied to things; as arrogant pretensions or behavior.

AR'ROGANTLY, adverb In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self importance.

AR'ROGANTNESS, noun Arrogance. [Little used.]

AR'ROGATE, verb transitive [Latin arrogo, of ad and rogo.]

To assume, demand or challenge more than is proper; to make undue claims, from vanity or false pretensions to right or merit; as, the Pope arrogated dominion over kings.

AR'ROGATED, participle passive Claimed by undue pretensions.

AR'ROGATING, participle present tense Challenging or claiming more power or respect than is just or reasonable.

ARROGA'TION, noun The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to.

AR'ROGATIVE, adjective Assuming or making undue claims and pretensions.

ARROND'ISMENT, noun

A circuit; a district; a division or portion of territory, in France, for the exercise of a particular jurisdiction.

ARRO'SION, noun s as z. [Latin arrodo.] A gnawing.

AR'ROW, noun

1. A missive weapon of offense, straight, slender, pointed and barbed, to be shot with a bow.

2. In scripture, the arrows of God are the apprehensions of his wrath, which pierce and pain the conscience. Job 6:4. Psalms 38:2. In a like figurative manner, arrows represent the judgments of God, as thunder, lightning, tempests and famine. 2 Samuel 22:15.

Ezekiel 5:16. Habakkuk 3:11. The word is used also for slanderous words and malicious purposes of evil men. Psalms 11:2. Proverbs 25:18. Jeremiah 9:8. Psa 64.

AR'ROWY, adjective

1. Consisting of arrows.

2. Formed like an arrow.

'ARSE, noun 'ars. The buttocks or hind part of an animal.

To hang an arse is to lag behind; to be sluggish, or tardy.

'ARSENAL, noun [Latin arx navalis, a naval citadel or repository.]

A repository or magazine of arms and military stores, whether for land or naval service.

ARSE'NIAC or ARSEN'ICAL ACID. Arsenic combined with a greater proportion of oxygen, than in the arsenious acid. It is called arsenic acid by most authors.

ARSE'NIATE, noun A neutral salt, formed by arsenical acid combined with any metallic, earthy or saline base.

'ARSENIC, noun [Gr.'L. arsenicum.]

Arsenic, as it is usually seen in the shops, is not a metal, but an oxyd, from which the metal may be easily obtained by mixing it with half its weight of black flux, and introducing the mixture into a Florence flask, gradually raised to a red heat, in a sand bath. A brilliant metallic sublimate of pure arsenic collects in the upper part of the flask. arsenic is of a steel blue color, quite brittle, and the metal with all its compounds, is a virulent poison, vulgarly called rats-bane. It forms alloys with most of the metals. Combined with sulphur it forms orpiment or realgar, which are the yellow and red sulphurets of arsenic Orpiment is the true arsenicum of the ancients. Plin. 34, 18. native orpiment appears in yellow, brilliant, and seemingly talcky masses of various sizes; realgar is red, of different shades, and often crystallized in needles. arsenic is also found as a mineralizer in cobalt, antimony, copper, iron and silver ores. It is brought chiefly from the cobalt works in Saxony, where zaffer is made.

ARSEN'ICAL, adjective Belonging to arsenic; consisting of or containing arsenic.

ARSEN'ICATE, verb transitive To combine with arsenic.

ARSEN'ICATED, adjective combined with arsenic.

ARSE'NIOUS, adjective Pertaining to, or containing arsenic. The arsenious acid, or white oxyd of arsenic, is a combination of arsenic with a less proportion of oxygen than in the arseniac acid.

'ARSENITE, noun a salt formed by the arsenious acid, with a base.

'ARSHINE, noun a russian measure of two feet, four inches and 242 decimals. This seems to be the Chinese arschin, of which four make three yards English.

'ARSON, noun 'arsn.

In law, the malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony. The definition of this crime is varied by statutes in different countries and states. In Connecticut, the burning not only of a dwelling house or contiguous building, but of a ship or other vessel, is declared to be arson if human life is thereby destroyed or put to hazard.

'ART, The second person, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive veb am.

'ART, noun [Latin ars, artis.]

1. The disposition or modification of things by human skill, to answer the purpose intended. In this sense art stands opposed to nature.

2. A system of rules, serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; opposed to science, or to speculative principles; as the art of building or engraving. Arts are divided into useful or mechanic, and liberal or polite. The mechanic arts are those in which the hands and body are more concerned than the mind; as in making clothes, and utensils. These art are called trades. The liberal or polite arts are those in which the mind or imagination is chiefly concerned; as poetry, music and painting.

In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity.

3. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, acquired by experience, study or observation; as, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage.

ARTEMIS'IA, noun Mug-wort, southernwood, and wormwood; a genus of plats of numerous species. Of these, the absinthium or common wormwood is well known.

ARTE'RIAL, adjective [See Artery.]

1. Pertaining to an artery or the arteries; as arterial action.

2. Contained in an artery; as arterial blood.

ARTERIOT'OMY, noun [Gr. an artery, and a cutting.]

The opening of an artery by the lancet, for the purpose of letting blood.

'ARTERY, noun [Gr. from air and to preserve or contain; so called, from the opinion of the ancients, that the arteries contained or circulated air. The term was also applied to the trachea or wind pipe, anteria aspera.

A cylindrical vessel or tube, which conveys the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. There are two principal arteries; the aorta, which rises from the left ventricle and ramifies through the whole body; and the pulmonary artery which conveys the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, to undergo respiration. An artery is composed of three coats; the outer consists of condensed cellular membrane, and is supplied with numerous blood vessels and nerves; the middle coat consists of circular fibers, generally supposed to be muscular; the inner coat, thin, smooth, and dense, confines the blood within its canal, and facilitates its motion.

ARTFUL, adjective [See Art.

1. Performed with art or skill.

2. Artificial, as opposed to natural

3. Cunning; practicing art, or stratagem; crafty; as an artful boy. [This is the most usual sense.]

4. Proceeding from art or craft; as an artful scheme.

'ARTFULLY, adverb With art, or cunning; skillfully; dexterously.

'ARTFULNESS, noun Art; craft; cunning; address.

ARTHRIT'IC,

ARTHRIT'ICAL, adjective Pertaining to the joints, or to the gout; affecting the joints.

ARTHRIT'ICAL, a. Pertaining to the joints, or to the gout; affecting the joints.

ARTHRIT'IS, noun [Gr. from a joint. It seems to be of the same family as artus, a limb.]

In a general sense, any painful disease of the joints; but more particularly, the gout, an hereditary, intermitting disease, usually affecting the small joints; sometimes the stomach.

ARTHRO'DIA, noun [Gr. from to frame or articulate.]

1. A species of articulation, in which the head of one bone is received into the shallow socket of another; as the humerus and the scapula.

2. In natural history, a genus of imperfect crystals, found in complex masses, and forming long single pyramids, with very short and slender columns.

'ARTIC, This word is by mistake used by some authors for arctic.

'ARTICHOKE, noun [Gr.; Latin carduus, chard, thistle, corrupted.]

A plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated and prickly calyx. The head is large, rough and scaly, on an upright stalk. It is composed of numerous, oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is the eatable part of the plant.

The Jerusalem artichoke is a species of sunflower or helianthus.

'ARTICLE, noun [Latin articulus, a joint, from artus; Gr.]

1. A single clause in a contract, account system of regulations, treaty, or other writing; a particular separate charge or item, in an account; a term, condition, or stipulation, in a contract. In short, a distinct part of a writing, instrument or discourse, consisting of two or more particulars; as, articles of agreement; an account consisting of many articles.

2. A point of faith; a doctrinal point or proposition in theology; as the thirty-nine articles.

3. A distinct part.

Upon each article of human duty.

4. A particular commodity, or substance; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article In common usage, this word is applied to almost every separate substance or material.

The articles which compose the blood.

5. A point of time. [Not in use.]

6. In botany, that part of a stalk or stem, which is between two joints.

7. In grammar, an adjective used before nouns, to limit or define their application; as hic, ille, ipse, in Latin; in Greek; the, this, that, in English. The primary use of these adjectives was to convert an indeterminate name into a determinate one; or to limit the application of a common name, to a specific, known, or certain individual. But article being an improper term to express the true signification, I make use of definitive, which see.

'ARTICLE, verb transitive

1. To draw up in distinct particulars; as, to article the errors or follies of a man.

2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. 'He shall be articled against in the High Court of admiralty.' Stat. 33. George III.

3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic.

'ARTICLE, verb intransitive [supra.] To agree by articles; to stipulate.

'ARTICLED, participle passive Drawn up in particulars; accused or bound by articles.

ARTIC'ULAR, adjective [Latin articularis.]

Belonging to the joints; as, the gout is an articular disease.

ARTIC'ULATE, adjective [Latin articulatus, jointed, distinct.]

1. Formed by jointing or articulation of the organs of speech; applied to sound. An articulate sound is made by closing and opening the organs of speech. The junction or closing of the organs forms a joint or articulation, as in the syllables ab, ad, ap; in passing from one articulation to another, the organs are, or may be opened, and a vowel is uttered, as in attune; and the different articulations, with the intervening vocal sounds, from what is called articulate sounds; sounds distinct, separate, and modified by articulation or jointing. This articulation constitutes the prominent difference between the human voice and that of brutes. Brutes open the mouth and make vocal sounds, but have either not at all, or very imperfectly, the power of articulation.

2. Expressed in articles, or in separate particulars. [Not used.]

3. Jointed; formed with joints.

ARTIC'ULATE, verb transitive

1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter distinct syllables or words.

2. To draw up or write in separate particulars. [Not used.]

3. To treat, stipulate or make terms. [Not used.]

4. To joint.

ARTIC'ULATED, participle passive

1. Uttered distinctly in syllables or words.

2. Jointed; having joints, as a plant.

ARTIC'ULATELY, adverb

1. With distinct utterance of syllables or words.

2. Article by article; in detail.

ARTIC'ULATENESS, noun The quality of being articulate.

ARTIC'ULATING, participle present tense Uttering in distinct syllables or words.

ARTICULA'TION, noun

1. In anatomy, the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds:1st, diarthrosis, or a movable connection, including enarthrosis, or the ball and socket joint; arthrodia, which is the same, but more superficial; ginglymus, or hinge-like joint; and trochoid, or the wheel and axle:2d, synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; harmony, or union by straight margins; and gomphosis, like a nail driven in a board, as the teeth in their sockets:3d, symphysis, or union by means of another substance; as synchondrosis, union by a cartilage; syssarcosis, union by muscular fibres; synneurosis, union by a tendon; syndesmosis, union by ligaments; and synostosis, union by a bony substance.

2. In botany, the connection of the parts of a plant by joints; also the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize.

3. The forming of words; a distinct utterance of syllables and words by the human voice, by means of closing and opening the organs.

4. A consonant; a letter noting a jointing or closing of the organs.

'ARTIFICE, noun [Latin artificium, from ars, art, and facio, to make.]

1. Stratagem; an artful or ingenious device, in a good or bad sense. In a bad sense, it corresponds with trick, or fraud.

2. Art; trade; skill acquired by science or practice. [Rarely used.]

ARTIF'ICER, noun [Latin artifex, from ars, and facio.]

1. An artist; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind; as a silversmith, or sadler.

2. One who makes or contrives; an inventor; as an artificer of fraud or lies.

3. A cunning, or artful fellow. [not used.]

ARTIFI'CIAL, adjective

1. Made or contrived by art, or by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as artificial heat or light; an artificial magnet.

2. Feigned, fictitious; not genuine or natural; as artificial tears.

3. Contrived with skill or art.

4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not being of spontaneous growth; as artificial grasses.

Artificial arguments, in rhetoric, are arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities and the like, which are called inartificial arguments of proofs.

Artificial lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.

Artificial numbers, the same with logarithms.

ARTIFICIAL'ITY, noun The quality of being artificial; appearance of art.

ARTIFI'CIALLY, adverb By art, or human skill and contrivance; hence, with good contrivance; with art or ingenuity.

ARTIFI'CIALNESS, noun The quality of being artificial.

ARTIL'LERY, noun This word has no plural.

1. In a general sense, offensive weapons of war. Hence it was formerly used for bows and arrows.

And Jonathan gave his artillery to his lad. 1 Samuel 20:40.

But in present usage, appropriately,

2. Canon; great guns; ordinance, including guns, mortars and grenades, with their furniture of carriages, balls, bombs and shot of all kinds.

3. In a more extended sense, the word includes powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses that belong to a train of artillery

4. The men who manage cannon and mortars, including matrosses, gunners, bombardiers, cannoniers, or by whatever name they are called, with the officers, engineers and persons who supply the artillery with implements and materials.

'ARTISAN, noun s as z. [Latin ars. See Art.]

An artist; one skilled in any art, mystery or trade; a handicrafts-man; a mechanic; a tradesman.

'ARTIST, noun [Latin ars. See Art.]

1. One skilled in an art or trade; one who is master or professor of a manual art; a good workman in any trade.

2. A skilful man; not a novice.

3. In an academical sense, a proficient in the faculty of arts; a philosopher.

4. One skilled in the fine arts; as a painter, sculptor, architect, etc.

'ARTLESS, adjective

1. Unskillful; wanting art, knowledge or skill.

2. Free from guile, art, craft or stratagem; simple; sincere; unaffected; undesigning; as an artless mind.

3. Contrived without skill or art; as an artless tale.

'ARTLESSLY, adverb

1. Without art or skill; in an artless manner.

2. Without guile; naturally; sincerely; unaffectedly.

'ARTLESSNESS, noun The quality of being void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity; unaffectedness.

AR'TOTYRITE, noun [Gr. bread, and cheese.]

One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, who celebrated the eucharist with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men were not only the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. They admitted females to the priesthood and episcopacy.

A'RUM, noun [Latin See aurate.] Gold.

Aurum fulminans, fulminating gold, is gold dissolved in aqua-regia or nitro-muriatic acid, and precipitated by volatile alkali. This precipitate is of a brown yellow, or orange color, and when exposed to a moderate heat, detonizes with considerable noise. It is a compound of the oxyd of gold and ammonia.

Aurum mosaicum, or musivum, a sparkling gold-colored substance, from an amalgam of quick-silver and tin, mixed with sulphur and sal ammoniac, set to sublime. The mercury and part of the sulphur unite into a cinnabar, which sublimes with the salammoniac, and leaves the aurum mosaicum at the bottom. It is a sulphuret of tin, and is used as a pigment.

ARUNDE'LIAN, adjective Pertaining to Arundel, as arundelian marbles. The arundelian marbles are ancient stones, containing a chronological detail of the principal events of Greece, from Cecrops, who lived about 1582 years before Christ, to the archonship of Diognetus, before Christ 264. The engraving was done in Paros, and the chronology is called the Parian Chronicle. These stones are called arundelian from the Earl of Arundel, who employed William Petty to procure relics of antiquity in the East in 1624. These, with other curiosities, were purchased, and by the Earl's grandson presented to the University of Oxford. Their antiquity and even their authenticity has been questioned.

ARUNDINA'CEOUS, adjective [Latin arundo, a reed.]

Pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane.

ARUNDIN'EOUS, adjective Abounding with reeds.

ARU'RA, noun [Gr.] Literally, as authors suppose, a plowed field. According to Herodotus, and Suidas, the arura of Egypt, was a piece of ground fifty feet square. Others make it a square of 100 cubits; others of 100 feet. The Grecian aroura was a square measure of half the plethron. [See Aroura.]

ARUS'PEX, noun [Latin] A soothsayer.

ARUS'PICE, noun Written also haruspice. [Latin aruspex, or haruspex, a soothsayer, or diviner, who attempted to foretell events by consulting the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice.]

A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business was to inspect the entrails of victims, killed in sacrifice, and by them to foretell future events.

ARUS'PICY, noun The act of prognosticating by inspection of the entrails of beasts, slain in sacrifice.