AFE'ARD, adjective afeard is the participle passive. See Fear.]

Afraid; affected with fear or apprehension, in a more moderate degree than is expressed by terrified. It is followed by of, but no longer used in books, and even in popular use, is deemed vulgar.

AF'FA, noun A weight used on the Guinea coast, equal to an ounce. The half of it is call eggeba.

AFFABIL'ITY, noun [See Affable.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; civility and courteousness, in receiving others, and in conversation; condescension in manners. affability of countenance is that mildness of aspect, which invites to free social intercourse.

AF'FABLE, adjective [Latin affabilis, of ad and fabulor. See Fable.]

1. Easy of conversation; admitting others to free conversation without reserve; courteous; complaisant; of easy manners; condescending; usually applied to superiors; as an affable prince.

2. Applied to external appearance, affable denotes that combination of features, which invites to conversation, and renders a person accessible, opposed to a forbidding aspect; mild; benign; as, an affable countenance.

AF'FABLENESS, noun Affability.

AF'FABLY, adverb In an affable manner; courteously; invitingly.

AFFA'IR, noun [Latin facere. The primary sense of facio is to urge, drive, impel.]

1. Business of any kind; that which is done, or is to be done; a word of very indefinite and undefinable signification. In the plural, it denotes transactions in general; as human affairs; political or ecclesiastical affairs:also the business or concerns of an individual; as, his affairs are embarrassed.

2. Matters; state; condition of business or concerns.

I have sent that ye may know our affairs. Ephesians 6:21.

3. In the singular, it is used for a private dispute, or duel; as, an affair of honor; and sometimes a partial engagement of troops.

In the phrase, at the head of affairs, the word means, the public concerns of executing the laws and administering the government.

AFFECT', verb transitive [Latin afficio, affectum, of ad and facio, to make; affecto, to desire, from the same room. affect is to make to, or upon to press upon.]

1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon; as, cold affects the body; loss affects our interests.

2. To act upon, or move the passions; as, affected with grief.

3. To aim at; aspire to; desire or entertain pretension to; as, to affect imperial sway. [See the etymology of Affair.]

4. To tend to by natural affinity or disposition; as, the drops of a fluid affect a spherical form.

5. To love, or regard with fondness.

Think not that wars we love and strife affect

[This sense is closely allied to the third.]

6. To make a show of; to attempt to imitate, in a manner not natural; to study the appearance of what is not natural, or real; as, to affect to be grave; affected friendship.

It seems to have been used formerly for convict or attaint, as in Ayliffe's Parergon; but this sense is not now in use.

AFFECTA'TION, noun [Latin affectatio.]

1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false pretense; artificial appearance, or show; as, an affectation of wit, or of virtue.

2. Fondness; affection. [Not used.]

AFFECT'ED, participle passive

1. Impressed; moved, or touched, either in person or in interest; having suffered some change by external force, loss, danger, and the like; as, we are more or less affected by the failure of the bank.

2. Touched in the feelings; having the feelings excited; as, affected with cold or heat.

3. Having the passions moved; as, affected with sorrow or joy.

4. adjective Inclined, or disposed; followed by to; as, well affected to government.

5. adjective Given to false show; assuming, or pretending to possess what is not natural or real; as, an affected lady.

6. adjective Assumed artificially; not natural; as, affected airs.

AFFECT'EDLY, adverb In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality; formally; studiously; unnaturally; as, to walk affectedly; affectedly civil.

AFFECT'EDNESS, noun The quality of being affected; affectation.

AFFECT'ER, noun One that affects; one that practices affectation.

AFFECT'ING, participle present tense

1. Impressing; having an effect on; touching the feelings; moving the passions; attempting a false show; greatly desiring; aspiring to possess.

2. adjective Having power to excite, or move the passions; tending to move the affections; pathetic; as, an affecting address.

The most affecting music is generally the most simple.

AFFECT'INGLY, adverb In an affecting manner; in a manner to excite emotions.

AFFEC'TION, noun

1. The state of being affected. [Little used.]

2. Passion; but more generally,

3. A bent of mind towards a particular object, holding a middle place between disposition, which is natural, and passion, which is excited by the presence of its exciting object. affection is a permanent bent of the mind, formed by the presence of an object, or by some act of another person, and existing without the presence of its object.

4. In a more particular sense, a settle good will, love or zealous attachment; as, the affection of a parent for his child. It was formerly followed by to or towards, but is now more generally followed by far.

5. Desire; inclination; propensity, good or evil; as, virtuous or vile affections. Romans 1:31. Galatians 5:24.

6. In a general sense, an attribute, quality or property, which is inseparable from its object; as, love, fear and hope are affections of the mind; figure, weight, etc., are affections of bodies.

7. Among physicians, a disease, or any particular morbid state of the body; as, a gouty affection; hysteric affection

8. In painting, a lively representation of passion.

Shakespeare uses the word for affectation; but this use is not legitimate.

AFFEC'TIONATE, adjective

1. Having great love, or affection; fond; as, an affectionate brother.

2. Warm in affection; zealous.

Man, in his love to God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate

3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; benevolent; tender; as, the affectionate care of a parent; an affectionate countenance.

4. Inclined to; warmly attached. [Little used.]

AFFEC'TIONATELY, adverb With affection; fondly; tenderly; kindly. 1 Thessalonians 2:8.

AFFEC'TIONATENESS, noun Fondness; goodwill; affection.

AFFEC'TIONED, adjective

1. Disposed; having an affection of heart.

Be ye kindly affectioned one to another. Romans 12:10.

2. Affected; conceited. obsolete

AFFECT'IVE, adjective That affects, or excites emotion; suited to affect. [Little used.]

AFFECT'IVELY, adverb In an affective or impressive manner.

AFFECT'OR

AFFECT'UOUS, adjective Full of passion. [Not used.]

AFFEE'R, verb transitive To confirm. [Not used.]

AFFEE'R, verb transitive

In law, to assess or reduce an arbitrary penalty or amercement to a precise sum; to reduce a general amercement to a sum certain, according to the circumstances of the case.

AFFEE'RED, participle passive Moderated in sum; assessed; reduced to a certainty.

AFFEE'RMENT, noun The act of affeering, or assessing an amercement, according to the circumstances of the case.

AFFEE'ROR, noun One who affeers; a person sworn to assess a penalty, or reduce an uncertain penalty to a certainty.

AFFETTUO'SO, or con affetto, [Latin affectus.]

In music, a direction to render notes soft and affecting.

AFFI'ANCE, noun [Latin fido, fides.]

1. The marriage contract or promise; faith pledged.

2. Trust in general; confidence; reliance.

The Christian looks to God with implicit affiance

AFFI'ANCE, verb transitive

1. To betroth; to pledge one's faith or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage.

To me, sad maid, he was affianced.

2. To give confidence

Affianced in my faith.

AFFI'ANCED, participle passive Pledged in marriage; betrothed; bound in faith.

AFFI'ANCER, noun One who makes a contract of marriage between parties.

AFFI'ANCING, participle present tense Pledging in marriage; promising fidelity.

AFFIDA'VIT, noun [An old law verb in the perfect tense; he made oath; from ad and fides, faith.]

A declaration upon oath. In the United States, more generally, a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and sworn to, before an authorized magistrate.

AFFI'ED, adjective or part. Joined by contract; affianced. [Not used.]

AFFI'LE, verb transitive To polish. [Not used.]

AFFIL'IATE, verb transitive [Latin ad and filius, a son.]

1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son.

2. To receive into a society as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, or intrigues - a sense in which the word was much used by the Jacobins in France, during the revolution.

AFFILIA'TION, noun Adoption; association in the same family or society.

AFFIN'ITY, noun [Latin affinitas, from affinis, adjacent, related by marriage; ad and finis, end.]

1. The relation contracted by marriage, between a husband and his wife's kindred, and between a wife and her husband's kindred; in contradistinction from consanguinity or relation by blood.

Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. 1 Kings 3:1.

2. Agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages.

3. In chimistry, attraction; elective attraction, or that tendency which different species of matter have to unite, and combine with certain other bodies, and the power that disposes them to continue in combination There are two kinds of affinity

1. affinity of aggregation, which is the power that causes two homogeneous bodies to tend towards each other, unite and cohere, as two drops of water, which unite in one.

2. affinity of composition, which is the tendency of bodies of different kinds to unite and form new combinations of bodies with different properties. Such is the affinity which unites acids and alkalies, the results of which combination are neutral salts.

The operations of this principle are various. When heterogeneous bodies have mutually an equal attraction, it is called compound affinity When one substance decomposes a combination of others, unites with one of them and precipitates the other, the power is called the affinity of decomposition. When bodies will not unite, but by means of a third, which enables them to combine, this is affinity by means of a medium.

Double affinity is when by means of four bodies, two decompositions and two new combinations are effected.

AFFIRM, verb transitive afferm' [Latin affirmo; ad and firmo, to make firm. See Firm.]

1. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to declare the existence of something; to maintain as true; opposed to deny.

Of one Jesus whom Paul affirmed to be alive. Acts 25:19.

2. To make firm; to establish, confirm or ratify; as, the Supreme court affirmed the judgment.

AFFIRM', verb intransitive To declare solemnly before a court or magistrate, for confirming a fact, or to have an affirmation administered to, by way of confirmation, or as a substitute for an oath; as, the witness affirmed to the fact, or he was affirmed to the fact.

AFFIRM'ABLE, adjective That may be asserted or declared; followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of every just man.

AFFIRM'ANCE, noun

1. Confirmation; ratification; as, the affirmance of a judgment; a statute in affirmance of common law.

2. Declaration; affirmation. [Little used.]

AFFIRM'ANT, noun One who affirms.

AFFIRMA'TION, noun

1. The act of affirming or asserting as true; opposed to negation or denial.

2. That which is asserted; position declared as true; averment.

3. Confirmation; ratification; an establishing of what had been before done or decreed.

4. A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath; which affirmation is in law equivalent to testimony given under oath.

AFFIRM'ATIVE, adjective

1. That affirms, or asserts; declaratory of what exists; opposed to negative; as, an affirmative proposition.

2. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law.

3. In algebra, positive; a term applied to numbers which have the sign + plus, denoting addition, and opposed to negative, or such as have the sign - minus, denoting subtraction.

4. Positive; dogmatic. obsolete

AFFIRM'ATIVE, noun That side of a question which affirms or maintains; opposed to negative; as, there were seventy votes in the affirmative and thirty-five in the negative.

AFFIRM'ATIVELY, adverb In an affirmative manner; positively; on the affirmative side of a question; opposed to negatively.

AFFIRM'ED, participle passive Declared; asserted; averred; confirmed; ratified.

AFFIRM'ER, noun One who affirms.

AFFIRM'ING, participle present tense Asserting; declaring positively; confirming.

AFFIX', verb transitive [Latin affigo, affixum, of ad and figo, to fix. Eng. peg. See Fix.]

1. To unite at the end; to subjoin, annex, or add at the close; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument.

2. To attach, unite, or connect with, as names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things.

3. To fix or fasten in any manner. In this sense, fix is more generally used.

AF'FIX, noun A syllable or letter added to the end of a word.

AFFIX'ED, participle passive United at the end; annexed; attached.

AFFIX'ING, participle present tense Uniting at the end; subjoining; attaching.

AFFIX'ION, noun The act of uniting at the end, or state of being so united. [Little used.]

AFFIX'TURE, noun That which is affixed.

AFFLA'TION, noun [Latin affle, afflatum, of ad and flo; Eng. blow. See Blow.]

A blowing or breathing on.

AFFLA'TUS, noun [Latin]

1. A breath or blast of wind.

2. Inspiration; communication of divine knowledge, or the power of prophesy.

AFFLICT', verb transitive [Latin affligo, afflicto, of ad and figo, to strike; eng. flog; Gr. to strike; , Latin plaga, a stroke. Hence, eng. flail, g being suppressed; Latin flagellum. See Flog.]

1. To give to the body or mind pain which is continued or of some permanence; to grieve, or distress; as, one is afflicted with the gout, or with melancholy, or with losses and misfortunes.

They affect thy heritage, O Lord. Psalms 94:5.

2. To trouble; to harass; to distress.

AFFLICT'ED, participle passive Affected with continued or often repeated pain, either of body or mind; suffering grief or distress, of any kind; followed by at, by or with; as, afflicted at the loss of a child, by the rheumatism, or with losses.

AFFLICT'EDNESS, noun The state of being afflicted; but superseded by affliction.

AFFLICT'ER, noun One who afflicts, or causes pain of body or of mind.

AFFLICT'ING, participle present tense Causing continued or durable pain of body or mind; grieving; distressing.

AFFLICT'ING, adjective Grievous; distressing; as, an afflicting event.

AFFLIC'TION, noun

1. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief.

Some virtues are seen only in affliction

2. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, calamity, adversity, persecution.

Many are the afflictions of the righteous. Psalms 34:19.

AFFLICT'IVE, adjective Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; painful; distressing.

AFFLICT'IVELY, adverb In a manner to give pain or grief.

AF'FLUENCE, noun [Latin affluentia, of ad and fluo, to flow. See Flow.]

1. Literally, a flowing to, or concourse. In this sense it is rarely used. It is sometimes written affluency.

2. Figuratively, abundance of riches; great plenty of worldly goods; wealth.

AF'FLUENT, adjective Flowing to; more generally, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches; abundant.

AF'FLUENTLY, adverb In abundance; abundantly.

AF'FLUX, noun [Latin affluxum, from affluo. See Flow.]

The act of flowing to; a flowing to, or that which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head.

AFFLUX'ION, noun The act of flowing to; that which flows to. [See Afflux.]

AF'FORAGE, noun [ad and force.]

In France, a duty paid to the lord of a district, for permission to sell wine or other liquors, within his seignory.

AFFO'RCEMENT, noun [ad and force.]

In old charters, a fortress; a fortification for defense. obsolete

AFFO'RD, verb transitive [ad and the root of forth, further. The sense is to send forth. But I have not found this precise word in the exact sense of the English, in any other language.]

1. To yield or produce as fruit, profit, issues, or result. Thus, the earth affords grain; a well affords water; trade affords profit; distilled liquors afford spirit.

2. To yield, grant or confer; as, a good life affords consolation in old age.

3. To be able to grant or sell with profit or without loss; as, A can afford wine at a less price than B.

4. To be able to expend without injury to one's estate; as, a man can afford a sum yearly in charity; or be able to bear expenses, or the price of the thing purchased; as, one man can afford to buy a farm, which another cannot.

5. To be able without loss or with profit.

The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits.

AFFO'RDED, participle passive Yielded as fruit, produce or result; sold without loss or with profit.

AFFO'RDING, participle present tense Yielding; producing; selling without loss; bearing expenses.

AFFOR'EST, verb transitive [ad and forest.]

To convert ground into forest, as was done by the first Norman kings in England, for the purpose of affording them the pleasures of the chase.

AFFORESTA'TION, noun The act of turning ground into forest or wood land.

AFFOR'ESTED, participle passive Converted into forest.

AFFOR'ESTING, participle present tense Converting into forest.

AFFRAN'CHISEMENT, noun [See Franchise and disfranchise.]

The act of making free, or liberating from dependence or servitude. [Little used.]

AFFRAP', verb transitive [Eng. rap.] To strike. obsolete

AFFRA'Y,

AFFRA'YMENT, noun

1. In law, the fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray

2. In popular language, fray is used to express any fighting of two or more persons; buy the word is now deemed inelegant.

3. Tumult; disturbance.

AFFRA'YMENT, n.

AFFREIGHT', verb transitive affra'te. [See Freight.]

To hire a ship for the transportation of goods or freight.

AFFREIGHT'ED, participle passive Hired for transporting goods.

AFFREIGHT'ER, noun The person who hires or charters a ship or other vessel to convey goods.

AFFREIGHT'MENT, noun The act of hiring a ship for the transportation of goods.

AFFRET', noun A furious onset, or attack. [Not used.]

AFFRIC'TION, noun The act of rubbing. [Not used.] [See Friction.]

AFFRIENDED, adjective affrend'ed. Made friends; reconciled. obsolete

AFFRI'GHT, verb transitive affri'te. [See Fright.]

To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to terrify or alarm. It expresses a stronger impression than fear or apprehend, and perhaps less than terror.

AFFRI'GHT, noun Sudden or great fear; terror; also, the cause of terror; a frightful object.

AFFRI'GHTED, participle passive Suddenly alarmed with fear; terrified; followed by at or with, more generally by at; as, affrighted at the cry of fire.

AFFRI'GHTER, noun One who frightens.

AFFRI'GHTFUL, adjective Terrifying; terrible; that may excite great fear; dreadful.

AFFRI'GHTING, participle present tense Impressing sudden fear; terrifying.

AFFRI'GHTMENT, noun Affright; terror; the state of being frightened. [Rarely used.] [In common discourse, the use of this word, in all its forms, is superseded by fright, frighted, frightful.]

AFFRONT', verb transitive [Latin frons, front, face.]

1. Literally, to meet or encounter face to face, in a good or bad sense; as,

The seditious affronted the king's forces

[The foregoing sense is obsolete.]

2. To offer abuse to the face; to insult, dare or brave openly; to offer abuse or insult in any manner, by words or actions; as, to affront one by giving him the lie.

3. To abuse, or give cause of offense to, without being present with the person; to make slightly angry; a popular use of the word.

AFFRONT', noun

1. Opposition to the face; open defiance; encounter. obsolete

2. Ill treatment; abuse; any thing reproachful or contemptuous, that excites or justifies resentment, as foul language, or personal abuse. It usually expresses a less degree of abuse than insult

3. Shame; disgrace. [Not used.]

4. In popular language, slight resentment; displeasure.

AFFRONT'ED, participle passive

1. Opposed face to face; dared; defied; abused.

2. In popular language, offended; slightly angry at ill treatment, by words or actions; displeased.

AFFRONTEE', adjective In heraldry, front to front; an epithet given to animals that face each other.

AFFRONT'ER, noun One that affronts.

AFFRONT'ING, participle present tense Opposing face to face; defying; abusing; offering abuse, or any cause of displeasure.

AFFRONT'ING, adjective Contumelious; abusive.

AFFRONT'IVE, adjective Giving offense; tending to offend; abusive.

AFFRONT'IVENESS, noun The quality that gives offense. [Little used.]

AFFU'SE, verb transitive s as z. [Latin affundo, affusum, ad and fundo, to pour out. See Fuse.]

To pour upon; to sprinkle, as with a liquid.

AFFU'SED, participle passive Sprinkled with a liquid; sprinkled on; having a liquid poured upon.

AFFU'SING, participle present tense Pouring upon, or sprinkling.

AFFU'SION, noun affu'zhun. The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid substance, as water upon a diseased body, or upon a child in baptism.

AFFY', verb transitive To betroth; to bind or join. [Not used.]

AFFY', verb transitive To trust or confide in. [Not used.]

AFIE'LD, adverb [a and field.] To the field.

AFI'RE, adverb On fire.

AFLAT', adverb [a and flat.] Level with the ground.

AFLO'AT, adverb or adjective [a and float.]

1. Borne on the water; floating; swimming; as, the ship is afloat

2. Figuratively, moving; passing from place to place; as, a rumor is afloat

3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; as, our affairs are all afloat [As an adjective, this word always follows the noun.]

AFOOT', adverb [a or on and foot.]

1. On foot; borne by the feet; opposed to riding.

2. In action; in a state of being planned for execution; as, a design is afoot or on foot.

AFO'RE, adverb or preposition [a and fore.]

1. In front.

2. Between one object and another, so as to intercept a direct view or intercourse; as, to stand between a person and the light of a candle - a popular use of the word.

3. Prior in time; before; anterior; prior time being considered as in front of subsequent time.

The grass which withereth afore it groweth up. Psalms 129:6.

In all these senses it is now inelegant, and superseded by before.

4. In seaman's language, toward the head of the ship; further forward, or nearer the stem; as, afore the windlas. afore the mast, is a phrase which is applied to a common sailor, one who does duty on the main deck, or has no office on board the ship.

AFO'REGOING, adjective Going before. [See Foregoing, which is chiefly used.]

AFO'REHAND, adverb [afore and hand.]

1. In time previous; by previous provision; as, he is ready aforehand

She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark 14:8.

2. adjective Prepared; previously provided; as, to be aforehand in business. Hence in popular language, amply provided; well supplied with the means of living; having means beyond the requirements of necessity; moderately wealthy. The word is popularly changed into aforehanded, beforehanded, or rather forehanded; as, a forehanded farmer.

AFO'REMENTIONED, adjective [afore and mention.]

Mentioned before in the same writing or discourse.

AFO'RENAMED, adjective [afore and name.] Named before.

AFO'RESAID, adjective [afore and say.] Said or recited before, or in a proceeding part.

AFO'RETIME, adverb [afore and time.] In time past; in a former time.

AFOUL', adverb or adjective [a and foul.] Not free; entangled.

AFRA'ID, adjective [The participle of affray.]

Impressed with fear or apprehension; fearful. This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear; as, to be afraid of death.

Joseph was afraid to sin against God.

AFRESH', adverb [a and fresh.] Anew; again; recently; after intermission.

They crucify the son of God afresh Hebrews 6:6.

AF'RIC,

AF'RICA, noun [Latin a neg. and frigus, cold.]

One of the four quarters or largest divisions of the globe; a continent separated from Europe by the Mediterranean sea.

AF'RICA, n. [L. a neg. and frigus, cold.]

AF'RICAN, adjective Pertaining to Africa.

AF'RICAN, noun A native of Africa.

This name is given also to the african marygold.

AFRONT', adverb In front.

'AFT, adjective or adverb

In seaman's language, a word used to denote the stern or what pertains to the stern of a ship; as, the aft part of the ship; haul aft the main sheet, that is, further towards the stern. Fore and aft is the whole length of a ship. Right aft is in a direct line with the stern.

'AFTER, adjective [The comparative degree of aft. But is some Teutonic dialects it is written with g.]

1. In marine language, more aft, or towards the stern of the ship; as, the after sails; after hatchway.

2. In common language, later in time; as, an after period of life.

In this sense, the word is often combined with the following noun; as in afternoon.

'AFTER, preposition

1. Behind in place; as, men placed in a line one after another.

2. Later in time; as, after supper. This word often precedes a sentence, as a governing preposition.

After I have arisen, I will go before you into Galilee. Math. 26.

3. In pursuit of, that is, moving behind, following; in search of.

After whom is the king of Israel come out? 1 Samuel 24:8.

Ye shall not go after other Gods. Deuteronomy 6:14.

4. In imitation of; as, to make a thing after a model.

5. According to; as, consider a thing after its intrinsic value.

6. According to the direction and influence of.

To walk after the flesh; to live after the flesh. Romans 8:1.

To judge after the sight of the eye. Isaiah 11:3.

To inquire after is to seek by asking; to ask concerning.

To follow after in scripture, is to pursue, or imitate; to serve, or worship.

AFTER, adverb Posterior; later in time; as, it was about the space of three hours after In this sense, the word, however, is really a preposition, the object being understood; about three hours after the time or fact before specified.

After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its genuine signification. Some of the following words are of this kind, but in some of them after seems rather to be a separate word.

'AFTERWARD, or 'AFTERWARDS, adverb [See Ward.] In later or subsequent time.

'AFTERWARD, or 'AFTERWARDS, adverb [See Ward.] In later or subsequent time.